Tourism - Topic 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a tourist?
A
A person who makes a trip outside his/her usual environment for leisure or personal purposes
2
Q
What is a tourist generating region?
A
The region where tourists come from, and where people and businesses that offer tourism products and experiences are based
3
Q
What is a tourist destination region?
A
- The region which attracts tourists
- Attractions, amenities, and facilities which cater to the needs of tourists are located here.
- It is also the region that experiences the consequences of tourism development.
4
Q
What is a transit route (region)?
A
- The region or route a tourist travels through to reach their destination.
- It links the tourist generating and destination regions and includes stopover points which might be used for convenience or because of the existence of attractions.
5
Q
What is the motivation to travel?
A
A set of needs that can be satisfied by travelling.
These needs are created by a combination of push and pull factors at tourist generating and destination regions respectively.
These include:
- The need for relaxation
- The need to discover unique travel experiences
- The need to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment
The motivation of travel has increased due to globalisation.
6
Q
Explain the need for relaxation (thus resorting to tourism/travelling)
Motivation to Travel
A
- The increasing pressures of work and hectic lifestyles have increased people’s motivation to travel to relieve stress
- increasingly, many see travel as a way to rest and rejuvenate
- people travel to different destinations and engage in different tourist activities to relax
7
Q
Explain the need to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment? (through travel)
Motivation to Travel
A
- People increasingly consider travelling as a way for self-growth and to achieve their fullest potential
- Travelling allows them to develop themselves further by learning something new or improving their knowledge and skills
- Hence, they may choose a travel destination where they can pick up a new skill such as cooking local cuisines or farming by learning methods from the locals.
- Some also participate in activities that are challenging or adventurous such as mountain climbing or skydiving to fulfill their fullest potential
8
Q
Elaborate on the need to discover unique travel experiences
Motivation to Travel
A
- Some people travel to gain unique travel experiences in order to satisfy their curioristy about the world
- Travelling allows them to explore different environments
9
Q
Does everyone have the same motivation to travel?
Motivation to Travel
A
- Individuals have varying needs and hence, the motivation to travel is unique
- Some travel for relaxation and others travel to fulfil their curiosity about places that are less commonly visited
- In addition, tourists are often motivated to travel to fulfil not just one need, but a mix of needs
- Often, when tourists visit a destination, they aim to fulfil these needs.
- Tourists will therefore participate in different activities in one destination to cater to their different travel motivations.
- Different tourist activities can fullfill the needs of tourists differently
10
Q
What is defined by the ‘ability to travel’?
A
The ability to travel refers to the conditions that allow an individual to make trips. These include:
- Increase in disposable income
- Increase in leisure time
- Business innovations in the tourism-related industry
- Lower transport costs
- Lower accomodation costs
11
Q
How does the increase in disposable incomes relate to the growth of tourism?
Ability to Travel
A
- After World War II, economic development led to an increase in disposable incomes, all around the world, thus resulting in greating spending on travel, fueling tourism growth
- Today, in rapidly devloping countries, like China and India, a fast-paced growing middle class with increased disposable incomes is causing a large demand for tourism
12
Q
How does the increase in leisure time relate to the growth of tourism?
Ability to Travel
A
- Leisure time refers to the time where people are free from work responsibilities
- Since the 1950s, in both developed and less developed countries, governments and businesses have given people more leisure time.
- This comes in the form of increase paid leave, more public holidays, and shorter working weeks, which gives people more time to travel.
- The increase in paid leave also increases the ability of workers to finance their travels
13
Q
How does businesses innovations in the tourism-related industry result in the growth of tourism?
Ability to Travel
A
- The ability to travel is made possible by business innovations that provide value-for-money experiences
- With businesses offering more affordable travel options, demand for tourism has increased.
- Today, tour operators are increasingly replaced by a variety of websites and applications that provide more personalised and value-for-money travel experiences, such as AirBnB
14
Q
How does lower transport costs relate to the growth of tourism?
Ability to Travel
A
- International tourism relies heavily on air transport, which has become increasingly affordable
- Over the years, air fares have significantly dropped, especially with the emergence of budget airlines
- Budget airlines offer air tickets at significantly lower prices, lowering transport costs, especially for international travel
- They do this by using fuel-efficent planes, which reduce fuel costs, and by flying to airports with cheaper fees
15
Q
How does lower accomodation costs relate to the growth of tourism?
Ability to Travel
A
- Over the years, the variety of accommodation types has increased, from rented properties to hotels and bed and breakfast stays
- Business innovations such as Airbnb have made it possible for property owners to rent their properties out to tourists, at different prices
- This wide variety caters to a range of different budgets, making tourism with lower accommodation costs possible
- This has enabled traveling to be more affordable
16
Q
How does expansion of public transport services and infrastructure relate to the growth of tourism?
Mobility to Travel
A
- In recent years, more countries have been constructing more transport infrastructure such as roads, railways and airports.
- Connectivity within different parts of a country, as well as between countries has increased
- Tourists can travel to more places in much shorter time
- Many countries have also expanded their network of public transport services by increasing the number of public bus and train routes
- Travelling within the destination region has become more convenient for tourists, leading to tourism growth
17
Q
What is mobility in travel refer to?
A
Mobility in travel refers to the ability to move around easily and conveniently to tourist destinations. In many countries, mobility in travel has increased due to:
- Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure
- Introduction of new modes of travel
- Increase in private car ownership
18
Q
How does the introduction of new modes of travel relate to the growth of tourism?
Mobility to Travel
A
The rapid development of transporation technology has resulted in new modes of travel
Tourists can now travel faster and further via land, sea and air transport
Commerical air travel has greatly boosted tourism, through technological developments enabling the production of aircrafts that can travel faster and further and are more fuel-efficient. This results in:
- reduced travel time
- increased convenience of travelling long distances
- lower travelling costs
19
Q
How does the increase of private car ownership relate to the growth of tourism?
Mobility to Travel
A
- Private car ownership allows families to travel comfortably and conveniently in their own vehicles to nearby attractions for lesiure
- Travelling in private cars allows for more freedom in the number of destinations one can visit and the time spent at each destination
- The increase in private car ownership has especially boosted domestic tourism
20
Q
List down the six stages of tourism development, in order of evolution and change over time
A
- Exploration
- Involvement
- Development
- Consolidation
- Stagnation
- Decline
- Rejuvenation
21
Q
How does tourist destinations progress over time?
Stages of Tourism Development
A
As it progresses, its key features and the number of tourist arrivals evolve
- A tourist destination grows in popularity when investors, tourists and tour operators move into a newly discovered location
- Over time, however, it may lose popularity and start to decline
- The destination can regain it populairity if measures are taken to rejuvenate the place
- Otherwise, the tourist destination declines
22
Q
What is one flaw with the stages of tourism development?
Stages of Tourism Development
A
Not all stages go through all six stages in a linear fashion
- While some destinations skip certain stages, in general, most tourist destinations follow similar stages of development
23
Q
What are the tourist arrivals for tourist destinations at the exploration stage?
Stages of Tourism Development
A
- A small number of adventurous tourists travel there individually
- Visits are irregular and do not occur throughout the year
24
Q
What are the features of destinations at the exploration stage
Stages of Tourism Development
A
The destination possesses:
- Natural attractions or features which offer scenic views or an unspolit natural environment
- Cultural attractions with landmarks of historical or heritage value
- Lack of facilities (e.g. car parks, roads, toilets) for tourists
25
What are the tourists' contribution to the local economy for tourist destinations are the exploration stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Tourists make minimal contriburtions to the local economy
26
What are tourists' contributions to the local economy for destinations in the involvement stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Tourist contributions to the local economy begin to grow
27
What are the tourist arrivals at tourist destinations in the involvement stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Increase in tourist arrivals due to an increase in advertisment and publicity
* Tourist arrivals vary at different times of the year
* Peak and non-peak tourist seasons develop
28
What are tourist's contributions to the local economy for tourist destinations in the development stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
Tourism sector employs a significant number of workers contributing significantly to the local economy
* Labour from other parts of the country and other countries will be attracted to work in the booming tourism sector of the destination
29
What are the tourists arrivals for tourist destinations in the development stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Tourist arrivals increase rapidly
30
What are the features of destinations in the involvement stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* The destination experiences a rise in goods, services and facilities to cater to tourists
* Goods and services are usually provided by locals
* Amenities and facilities, requested by locals, are usually built and maintained by the local authorities
31
What are the features of destinations in the development stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* The number of attractions and faciliites built increase rapidly
→ *Large businesses build more elaborate facilities and man-made attraction*
* Heavy advertising of the destination
* Increase in large and medium businesses in retail and leisure
* Destination becomes recognised as a tourist destination
32
What are the features of destination in the consolidation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Slowing down in the number of attractions and facilties built
* Majority of tourist facilities and hotels are often owned by large multinational companies, supporting large number of tourists
33
What are the tourist arrivals for tourist destinations at the consolidation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Total annual tourist arrivals at the destination outnumber the local population
* Growth in annual tourist arrival start to slow
34
What are tourists's contribution to the economy for tourist destinations in the consolidation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
Tourism industry:
* Dominates the local economy
* Continues to employ a significant number of workers and contributes significantly to the local economy
35
What are the tourist arrivals for tourist destinations at the stagnation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Tourist arrivals have peaked and begin to decline as the destination has reached or exceeded the carrying capacity
* Tourist arrivals exceed the maximum number of people in the environment can accommodate, resulting in negative effects
36
What are tourist contributions to the local economy in the stagnation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Contributions to the economy start to stagnate
37
What are the features of tourist destinations in the stagnation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
* Destinations may no longer be attractive
* Facilities may decline as they become old and run down
* Tourists start to feel that the location has no longer has anything to offer them in terms of experience or interest
38
What are the features of tourist destinations in the decline stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
## Footnote
Post-Stagnation Stages
* Local businesses are affected and may close, negatively affecting the economy and livelihoods
* Less money available to maintain and improve facilities
* Facilities detoriate further, leading to fewer tourists
| This stage may not occur for all destinations
39
What are the tourist arrivals for tourist destinations in the rejuvenation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
## Footnote
Post-Stagnation Stages
Destination becomes more attractive by:
* New investments to develop attractions and facilities
* Re-branding of the destination leading to an increase in tourist arrvials again
40
What are tourists' contributions to the local economy for tourist destinations in the decline stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
## Footnote
Post-Stagnation Stages
* Contributions to the economy decline significantly
41
What are tourists' contributions to the local economy for tourist destinations in the rejuvenation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
## Footnote
Post-Stagnation Stages
* Contribution to the economy increase again
42
What are the features of tourist destinations in the rejuvenation stage?
| Stages of Tourism Development
## Footnote
Post-Stagnation Stages
Funding provided to:
* Redevelop the area (e.g. building of new facilities and attractions) making it more attractive.
* Advertise the revamped tourist destination.
| This stage may not occur for all destinations
43
How do the availability of transit routes influence travel between regions?
The availability of transit routes influence the volume and direction of travel
* When there are limited or inconvenient transit routes, the volume of travel between the regions might be low
* When there are more transit routes available, the volume of travel might increase
* When there are convenient or attractive transit routes available, the direction of travel might change. Tourists might choose to travel via the transit route instead of travelling directly to the destination region
44
What are Venturer-type tourists source of influence?
| Personality types of Tourists
* Guided by their personal judgement rather than authority figures in making their decision
45
What are Venturer-type tourists preference for travel activities?
| Personality types of Tourists
* Prefer to be spontaneous and have diversity of activities
* Travel alone
* Explore less-developed, uniques places where they can participate in new experiences and activities even if it is less convenient
Often, setting travel trends for others
* More likely to visit new places each time they travel
_Hence, they prefer to make their own travel plans, and often opt for **niche tourism**_
46
What are the different personality types of tourists?
| Personality types of Tourists
There is a spectrum of personality characterisitcs. On the extreme ends of the spectrum, there are two broad personality types:
* Dependables
* Venturers
Only a small group of tourists belong to these extreme ends
Most tourists would fall between these extremes, possessing a mixture of personality characteristics from both extremes
47
How does Venturer-type tourists spend their money?
| Personality types of Tourists
* Spend money more readily *(compared to a Dependable-type tourist)*
48
What are Dependable-type tourists preference for travel activities?
| Personality types of Tourists
* Prefer to have structure and routine
* Travel in groups as they like to feel comfortable and secure
* Visit popular and familiar destinations which have well-developed tourism facilities and amenities for their convenience
* More likely to visit the same place again
*Hence, they prefer **mass tourism** becauuse of the predictability and routine nature of the activities*
49
What are Dependable-type tourists source of influence?
| Personality types of Tourists
* Guided by authority figures in making travel decisions
* Follow travel trends set by other Venturers and public personalities
50
How does personality characteristics influence travel patterns
| Personality types of Tourists
Personality characteristics of tourists can determine travel preferences and patterns such as the choice of destinations and tourist activities
* This is because the features of a tourist destination may appeal more to specific personality characteristics
* Tourist activities that cater to the preferences of certain personality characteristics may only be found in certain destinations
51
How does Dependable-type tourists spend their money?
| Personality types of Tourists
* more cautious about spending their money *(compared to Venturer-type tourists)*
52
How does personality characteristics influence the development of tourist destinations
| Personality types of Tourists
Personality characteristics can influence the way a tourist destination evolves over time
A destination may be more appealing to certain personality characteristics
* Tourist destinations are dynamic and constantly evolving
* As they evolve, their features change, and the type of tourist they attract will also change
* As Venturer-type tourists often set travel trends and therefore influence the travel decisions of Dependabe-type tourists, the tourist destination may eventually lean from a Venturer-type one to a Dependable-type one.
* Planners and stakeholders can develop tourist destinations in a way that attracts certain personality characteristics
