Tourism Flashcards
Political factors affecting tourism
Many governments have invested heavily to encourage tourism Government backing for major international events such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup The perceived greater likelihood of terrorist attacks in certain destinations Government restrictions on in and outbound tourism Calls by non government organisations to boycott countries eg Burma
Social factors affecting global tourism
An increase in the average number of days of paid leave An increasing desire to experience different cultures and landscapes High levels of international migration over the last decade or so means that more people have friends and relatives abroad More people are avoiding certain destinations for ethical reasons d Raised expectations of international travel with increasing media coverage of holidays travel and nature
Economic factors affecting tourism
Steady rising incomes (tourism grows 1.3 times faster than GDP) The decreasing real cost of holidays The widening range of destinations within the middle income range The heavy marketing of shorter foreign holidays aimed a those who have the time and disposable income to take an extra break The expansion of budget airlines Air miles and other retail reward schemes aimed at travel and tourism Globalisation has increased business travel Periods of economic recession reduce tourism levels considerably
Cultural impact of tourism
The loss of locally owned land The abandonment of traditional values and practices Displacement of people to make way for tourist developments Alcoholism and drug abuse Abuse of human rights by governments and companies in the quest to maximise profits Crime and prostitution involved children Visitor congestion at key locations hindering the movement of local people Denying local people access to beaches to provide exclusivity for visitors The loss of housing for local people as more visitors by second homes in tourist areas
Positive cultural impacts of tourism
Increasing the range of social facilities for local people Helping develop foreign language skills for host communities
What is economic leakage?
the part of the month a tourist pays for a foreign holiday that does not benefit the destination country because it goes elsewhere such as payments or foreign owners of hotels
What is the multiplier effect?
when a new or expanding economic activity ina. region creates new employment and increased the amount of money circulating in that region this attracts further development creating more employment services and wealth
What is carrying capacity
A destination is the number of tourists a destination can take without placing too much pressure in local resources and infrastructure
What is sustainable tourism?
Organised in such a way that its level can be sustained in the future without creating irreparable environmental, social and economic damage to the recieving area
What is ecotourism?
A specialised form of tourism where people experience relatively untouched natural environments such as coral reefs, tropical forests, remote mountain areas ensure that their presence does not further damage to these environments
what are the overall factors affecting global trade
resource endowment historical factors locational advantage trade agreements
reasons for the increasing popularity of ecotourism
new experiences and environments effective media coverage education increased interest in evenironmentally friendly activity unattractiveness of tradiicstional tourism - life cycle model, mass tourism lowering cost of ecotourism per person as supply increases
what are the three functions of the WTO
Police free trade agreements Settle trade disputes between governments Organise trade negotiations
what are the overall reasons for the rapid growth in international tourism?
Rise in incomes Increased leisure time Increased mobility Increased promotion through media coverage Major sporting events Increased international migration Political freedom
how do the rise in incomes lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
More incomes gives poeple after they have paid for their basic needs Disposable money that they could spend on lesiure activities and tourism
how do the increased leisure time lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
This is caused by a shorter working weak, flexitime, paid annual holidays, earlier retirement with pension Several holidays may now be taken by people in one year
how does increased mobility lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
A result of private car ownership, improved roads; a decrease in the cost of air travel and the expansion of budget airlines like Ryanair More flights to more places ban ever before In 1970 there were 307 million airline passengers By 3016 this is 3.6 billion
how does the increased promotion through media coverage lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
Television Magazine The internet different holiday destinations and types of holiday
how does major sporting events lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
eg winter and summer olympic games world championship athletics football rugby and cricket world cups all advertise tourist opportunities
how does increased international migration lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
encouraging more people to visit relatives and friends abroad
how does greater political freedom lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
since the breakup of the former USSR and changes in Chinese travel policies
what are the environmental advantages of tourism?
environmental protection and the conservation and preservation of wildlife due to: the use of revenues from tourism to enhance and manage environments use of green taxes from tourism contributed to the protection and management of environment environmental education - raised awareness of the importance of local and industrial environment conservation of heritage eg ancient sites, old sites, old buildings, urban heritage, old industrial sites for visits tree planting, landscaping improves the aesthetics of the area water supply schemes
social and cultural advantages?
an increased understanding of different people’s cultural and customs increased cultural links with other countries increased foreign language skills for both visitors and hosts increased social and recreational facilities for local people the preservation of traditional heritage sites and customs
social and cultural disadvantages of tourism?
demonstration effect - local people may copy the actions of some tourists in terms of dress diets habits and alcohol (traditional values abandoned) increase in prostitution and development of sex tourism young people may drop out from school to work in the informal tourist industry and earn money as unofficial guides or selling souvenirs people may be moved from their houses and land to make way for tourist development local landowners may sell large areas of land and coastline to non local or foreign buyers who may then deny access to local people
what are the general economic disadvantages of tourism?
seasonal unemployment leakage over dependent on tourism water shortages low paid and low skilled jobs
how is seasonal unemployment an economic disadvantage of tourism?
if people come for summer sun or winter skiing the rest of the year may mean fre or no tourists therefore little or no employment tropical wet seasons and monsoons discourage tourists at certain times of the year
how is over dependence on tourism an economic disadvantage of tourism?
should a natural or human disaster to occur there is little alternative income tunisia and egypt witnessed a dramatic fall in tourist numbers in 2011 and 2012 as a result of political changes and turmoil terrorist activity has seen several foreign governments advise against travelling to these places
how is leakage an economic disadvantage of tourism?
airlines hotels and tourist activities in LICs may be foreign often owned by large TNCs this means 60-75% per cent of tourist income may either never come to may leave the LiC many tourists may spend most of their money in hotels going on trips organised by their hotels so having little impact on the wider economy
how are low lid low skilled jobs an economic disadvantage of tourism?
many of the higher skilled and better paid jobs are taken by foreigners
how is a growth in income an economic advantage of tourism
this has a national and local impact it provides extra finance for new developments in infrastructure education and healthcare etc both the tohrist industries and the employed workers will usually pay taxes to their governments which increase government income this helps pay for major infrastructure developments eg healthcare education water and energetic supply this may be used both by tourists and the local population
how is foreign currency an economic advantage of tourism?
this helps pay for goods and services imported from abroad
how is multiplier effect an economic advantage of tourism?
it can encourage other developments to take place in an area
how is informal sector an economic advantage of tourism?
increasing employment oppertunitird it can help reduce migration especially from rural areas this employment can be in small cafes, hotels, souvenir shops, tour guides, local taxied etc informal sector prevents leakage
describe the involvement stage of butlers model
follows where local people are involved in providing local facilities for tourists eg simple accommodation an eating place or transport such as taxis a tourist season then emerges
describe the development stage of butlers model
sees inward investment into th area and tourism becomes a discrete important business activity companies and individual come into the area and start to take control, manage and organise the tourism industry creating package holidays local involvement diminished
describe the consolidation stage of butlers model
former agricultural land is take over for hotel and other tourist developments beaches and other areas become reserved for tourist use only local resentment at this development may increase and the growth rate may decelerate
describe the stagnation stage of butlers model
this may take place with further resentment at the development and the problems it is creating with a drop in tourist numbers
describe the decline stage of butlers model
a location becomes rundown damaged or no longer fashionable
describe the rejuvenation stage of butlers model
this may occur if a place becomes rebranded or circumstances fhange to make a place popular once more usually involves investment
reasons for the increasing popularity of ecotourism?
a search for new experiences and environments effective promotion or media coverage the increasing unattractiveness of more traditional forms of tourism eg mass tourism education increased interest in environmentally friendly or green activities lowering costs of ecotourism per person as supply increases
social factors that explain the rise of niche tourism?
changes in fashion search for new experiences greater environmental awareness health and fitness boom boredom with old destinations media influence; peer group activity and tales age/sex profile of population and poeple having more and longer holidays
economic factors for tourist consumers that explain the rise of niche tourism?
greater affluence and disposable income greater proportion of their personal budget being spent on tourists good deals from tour operators and favourable exchange rates
economic factors for tourist providers that explain the rise of niche tourism?
potential profit exploitation of new markets eco tourism aim to assist local economies marketing strategies
what are the environmental disadvantages of tourism?
pollution footpath erosion destruction of wildlife habitats disturbance to animal behaviour beach degradation damage to coral reefs
issues with dominance of tourism in a country
dependency/ reliance and so vulnerable to external shocks e.g. Tunisia 2015 shooting
seasonality, especially for climate dependent attractions (empty beds, unemployment)
impacts on local economy, e.g. employment, currency, prices/leakage
social/cultural impacts, e.g. westernisation, diet (Saigon in Vietnam mirrors New York or London with chains such as Starbucks, grid pattern of development – decline in traditional housing)
environmental degradation e.g. pollution (Yellowstone national park), waste (cruise ships), water depletion (golf courses), litter (Toilet Trail)
tourism life cycle issues, e.g. stagnation, decline, insufficient funds for rejuvenation e.g. Blackpool
highly centralised management of TNC, out of touch with local area driven by profit
what are the difficulties of managing tourist destinations
carrying capacity e.g. in arid areas more difficult, (tourism in Namibia) fragile eco-systems, lack of water
seasonality (especially for climate dependent attractions): market trends.
threats of external shocks e.g. Tunisia shooting, natural degradation e.g. Maldives
language/culture barriers
stakeholders: reconciling the needs of local residents and tourists, or meeting the exacting requirements of foreign-owned tour companies. Driven by profit motivation.
what are the effects of peak season tourism on the host country?
beds taken at or beyond carrying capacity stress or conflict for tourists and local people congestion
what are the effects of out of season tourism on the host country?
hotels low occupancy or temporarily closed unemployment low revenue shops closed services unavailable opportunities to do repairs
how can tohrist destinations attempt to manage seasonal demand?
conference trade buisness tourism special theme event holidays special deals advertising in other parts of the world with different holiday patterns or periods eg winter sun in new zealand
reasons for the decline in popularity of sun sea sand tourism?
boredom with traditional holidays / changes in fashion as people search for new experiences. This is only possible due to rise of package holidays to a wider range of destinations, the increase price of income by 1.3x, the increase in airline rewards schemes etc. This makes new, further afield (often more expensive) holidays accessible to a wider cross-section of people.
promotion and advertising of alternatives especially through increased social media presence. This means that there is a lesser information failure – the world beyond the Costa Del Sol is available for everyone, at least digitally. Unusual and exotic travel destinations are glamourized, increasing the desirability of ever more bizarre places.
deterioration of facilities and coastal environments as they enter the decline stage of butlers model. Insufficient demand means that there is a lack of FDI for rejuvenation, according to the dictates of the market. The effects of mass tourism are felt in terms of poor management, environmental degradation, cultural erosion and social unrest.
concern for responsible or sustainable tourism
explain how carrying capacity is linked to the life cycle model of tourism?
maximum capacity without deterioration is reached in stagnation after this point the resort has decisions to make regarding future development or decline in earlier stages the resort is able to expand acidified and area to cope with rising numbers such that visitor experienve is by affected
demand factors for the growth of international tourism?
time affluence fashion interests numbers eg rising middle class in China/retired populations
supply factors for the growth of international tourism?
TNC resort development tourism strategy package holidays niche tourism ecotourism
facilitating factors for the growth of international tourism?
transport media advertising ease of obtaining visas
demand factors for the growth of international tourism?
time affluence fashion interests numbers eg rising middle class in China/retired populations
supply factors for the growth of international tourism?
TNC resort development tourism strategy package holidays niche tourism ecotourism
facilitating factors for the growth of international tourism?
transport media advertising ease of obtaining visas
benefits of high employment in tourism on the economy
direct and indirect employment increased income - multiplier effect taxation revenue increase
reasons for the continued popularity of mass tourism?
cheap (package deals) ease media influence development and rejuvenation holiday entikitmrnrt growth of disposable income
why is mass tourism important?
ability to generate wealth for: area companies individuals via investment individual tourists get the holiday they want
how does ecotourism avoid the negative impacts assoicated with traditional tourism?
conception commitments stakeholders scale awareness building education programme investment of profits in local community
what are the physical components of carrying capacity
natural systems and limits imposed by infrastructure eg water supply transportation accommodation
what are the socio cultural components of carrying capacity?
levels of tolerance of the host community sense of identity nature of visitors availability of suitable man power
ecotourism
form of sustainable tourism features the environment and or ecosystem it aims to do threee things to protect the environment sustain enhance and empower local communities benefit the destination economically minimising leakage
advantages of developing tourism as ecotourism
protects the environment offers a phased approach for investment limits impact on local communities gives potential visitors choice of activities and places to go
negative impacts of vietnam’s tourism
environment 80% of international tourists arrive by air coast erosion at Hoi An economic seasonable employment (notable wet or dry season) inflation due to foreign investment eg Hyett social westernisation (language food cultural) rural urban migration privatisation (gov owned land sold off)
positive impacts of vietnam tourism
political increased international standing WTO 2002 economic move through DTM 2006 ($2.4bn income) 4% of GDP social greater cultural protection eg Hue Citadel minority cultures promoted eg Cham improved entrepreneurship eg tour or taxi infrastructure improved eg new roads or water environment new national parks eg Cat Tiem NP protection of Javan Rhino
political reasons for vietnam’s tourism
deregulation decreased private ownership increased eg boastmen on the Mekong IR is less aggressive joined the WTO relaxed immigration
supply reasons for growth of tourism
5.8% GDP invested in infrastructure 2,000kn of new highways metro in Hanoi Vietnam railways 300 kph Hanoi to Saigon Diversifying economy eg NasaWorld casino built on the Mekong Delta
demand reasons for the growth in tourism
attractive exchange rate rich cultural diversity eg Halong Bay, UNESCO heritage site 2012 5.5 million visits one of the 7 wonders Mekong delta sees traditional ways of life Cu Chi Tunnels used by vietcong in war, niche war tourism
describe vietnam’s tourist growth
1990s investment from Korea Japan and Taiwan 2007 WTO membership new airport in Danang Roads but to tourist areas eg from hanoi to halong bay more than 10 million in 2016, 26% increase from the last 2015 20 million visitors by 2020 repeat visits only 10%
example of a health care external shock
SARS in 2003 China Hong Kong Vietnam 777 deaths in 36 countries hotel occupancy down 70%
example of a natural processes external shock
maldives destroyed by 2085 vulnerable to surge flooding and warming seas 70% increased erosion on the beaches
example of a natural disasters external shock
2010 iceland volcanic eruption prevent travel ruin infrastructure down 100,000 flights
example of a terrorism external shock
2015 tunisia mass shooting, 38 killed in 2016 completely cancelled Tunisia program on Thompson 90% drop i. British tourists
example of political uncertainty shocking the tourist industry?
tourists fear for safety thailand riots occupied airport 2006-10 hotel occupancy down to 20% 85% of your operators didn’t invest BUT doesn’t neccesarily deter tourists eg Cuba partial trade embargo, worsened IR under Trump visitors up 12% annually predicted future growth
example of sustainable tourist resorts
Hideaway Redort Fiji located on coconut plantation words second largest coral reef village owns hotels land and reef
how is the hideaway resort socially sustainable
community traditional bures local choir welcome lava ceremony high roofed wood straw Fijian cottages people 95% of staff are Fijian, income st improved secure electricity and modern school building increase in young people staying in local area
how is the hideaway resort environmentally sustainable
locally managed marine area can’t be fished increase in fish stocks by half better state of coral reef
how is the hideaway resort sustainable in terms of infrastructure
air conditioning rarely used high roof cottages encourages cool flooding area via open shutters
what are the stages of Butlers Model
exploration involvement development consolidation stagnation rejuvenation
how does Majorca fit the discovery stage of butlers model?
1960s received left than half a million attracted based on the unspoilt beaches picturesque villages, in polluted seas
how does Majorca fit the involvement and development stage of butlers model?
Locals gained jobs in construction hotels shops farmland lost due to development road congestion no proper planning of roads hotels villas
how does Majorca fit the consolidation stage of butlers model?
1980s arrivals rose to 7.5 million up to 70% population employed which dominated economy blighted the landscape resentful tourists
how does Majorca fit the stagnation stage of butlers model?
1990s unemployment rose to 30% bars and cafes closed as older resorts appear rundown magaluf gains a poor reputation
how does Majorca fit the rejuvination stage of butlers model?
only high class hotels gained planning permsiion 2000s new airport terminal built gardens and nature reserve opened to attract ecotourists success; records nos of tourists - 2013, 9 million
identify circumstances were he carrying capacity of tourism might be exceeds?
peak season, public holidays, weekends special events, media attention eg fashion week lack of regulation or control
what reasons could explain a decline in tourist numbers
life cycle model, decline - area is run down no longer fashionable, no rejuvination uncertain nature of the market disease recession pollution political instability
example of environmental impact of tourism (water resources)
average golf course needs 1500kg of fertilisers pesticides and herbicides per year as much water as 60,000 rural villagers THAILAND
example of environmental impact of tourism (sound pollution)
yellowstone national park snowmobiles can be heard 100% of the time during the daytime period change in animal activity patterns
example of environmental impact of tourism (air pollution)
tour buses often leave motors running for hours while tourists go on excursions return to a heated or air conditioned bus
example of environmental impact of tourism (waste)
wider caribbean 63,000 port calls generate 82,000 tons of garbage 4x per person the amount of people in onshore countries peru toilet paper trail (inability to transport)
example of environmental impact of tourism (aesthetic pollution)
lack of land use planning and building regulation sprawling development costa del sol implications for sea turtle nesting
advantage of developing tourism as ecotourism
protects the environment;
offers a phased approach for investment;
limits impact on local communities;
gives potential visitors choice of activities and places to go;
more secure than ‘all eggs in one basket’
list the disadvantages with butlers model
Unequal timings: fails to account that some destinations pass through the model in a few decades, whilst others could take a century.
Rigidity: fails to account for destinations that may skip a step
External shocks: can disrupt, pause or increase the lifecycle of tourism.
Subjective/ambiguous: issues of measurement
Flawed theory: based on Malthusian values
Vague: it covers both tourist destinations and resorts
explain why unequal time frame is a disdvantage of butlers model
the model fails to account for the fact that some destinations pass through the model in a few decades, whilst others could take a century
also destinations that may skip a step
explain why external shocks are a criticism of butlers model
it fails to account for them
they can disrupt, pause or increase the lifecycle of tourism.
Increased vulnerability in the modern age due to large scale media presence and so importance of public perception.
E.g. 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Tunisia beach attacks
explain why subjectivity is a criticism of butlers model
: issues of measurement e.g. at involvement level, are local residents being involved more important than the emergence of a clear tourism season.
explain why flawed theory is a criticsm of butlers model
based on Malthusian values which have largely been disproved.
Fails to account for Bourlag’s green revolution: when applied to tourism, the market is finding new and sustainable ways to prevent exceeding carrying capacity
explain why butlers model is criticised for being vague
it covers both tourist destinations and resorts: a single resort may be highly sustainable but an entire destination may simultaneously promote waste and conflict
explain the flexibility advantage with butlers model
can be applied beyond typical 1980s mass tourism, but also Christmas at Lapland in 2010, conference tourism in the UK 2008 and development of wine tourism in Croatia
example of disaster tourism
Disaster tourism e.g. Chernobyl disaster (1986) was the worst nuclear accident ever seen. Tourists visit Chernobyl’s exclusion zone, a 30km radius inclosing the contaminated land around the power plant through tourist firms. Fascination with the post-apocalyptic scenes of abandonment and decay, a city frozen in time e.g. particularly the Pripyat amusement park. Additional sense of historical tourism as Soviet artefacts of propaganda, murals and abandoned classrooms still evident.
describe the rise of religous tourism
Religious tourism involves people travelling individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure purposes. Been around for centuries e.g. pilgramiges to Canterbury
According to the World Tourism Organization, an estimated 300 to 330 million pilgrims visit the world’s key religious sites every year.
For example, the total number of tourists to Mecca, is expected to rise from about 12 million to almost 17 million by 2025; generating at least $12 billion in revenues from worshippers’ lodging, transport, gifts, food and fees.
Abraj Al-Bait, finished in 2011, is a government-owned megatall complex of seven skyscraper hotels in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. These towers are a part of the Endowment Project that strives to modernize the city in catering to its pilgrims.
explain why the rise in sustainable tourism explains the delcine in mass tourism
Rise of responsible / sustainable tourism, as global warming, climate change, plastic and deforestation come to the forefront of public concern.
Resorts that incorporate, rather than infringe upon the environment have risen in prominence, such as the traditional Hideaway Resort in Fiji or the modernist Mashipi Lodge in the Ecuadorian rainforest.
Beyond environmental factors, social sustainability has also risen in prominence, the globalisation of culture and a sense of cosmopolitan ‘global identity’ has caused an increase in concern for the preservation of traditional cultures, or the incorporation of ancient cultures into tourism e.g. safaris incorporating local tribal walk into their resort at Londolozi Lodge in South Africa.
positive social/cultural impacts of tourism in vietnam
Money is spent on improving and building museums which protect cultural heritage e.g. War Remnants Museum and Ethnology Museum
Important cultural locations like Hue Citadel, My Son and the Temple of Literature are being afforded greater protection as more tourists visit.
Some minority cultures are being promoted e.g. Cham and M’Nong. It is possible to visit their villages, sample their food, by their crafts and even try and learn their languages.
positive economic impacts of tourism in vietnam
Employment growth due to rising demand for their products from a greater number of tourists to Hoi An (who purchase their products in shops in Hoi An) and from increased visits by tourists to the villages surrounding Hoi An
Thanh Ha (specialized in pottery production)
Kim Bong (specialized in woodcarving and carpentry),
Tra Que (specialized in herbs and vegetable production)
Pulls people out of poverty. Hoi An has a lower proportion of “poor” people than the national average. In 2007, only 6.5 percent of households of Hoi An were considered poor while nationally the rate was 14.7 percent.
Transportation links improved. Ton Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh City and Noi Bai airport in Hanoi have both been rebuilt. The Reunification Express (trainline) is also been upgraded along with Highway 1 running the length of the country.
positive environmental impact of tourism in vietnam
With tourist interest new national parks are being created e.g. Cat Tien National Park and being protected more (rare and endangered Javan rhino)
negative environmental impacts of tourism in vietnam
Halong Bay, known for its towering limestone columns topped with rainforest, and clear waters is under threat from regular and intensive tourist visitation. An average of 5,500 tourists each day embark on cruises through the UNESCO World Heritage Site, one of Vietnam’s most popular natural destinations
Tourist development can often lead to deforestation and damage to sand dune systems. Vietnam has seen massive growth along the coast near Mui Ne and Hoi An.
negative social impacts of toursim in vietnam
Gentrification is occurring in the major cities (Hoi An, Saigon). Whereas the old quarter used to have a local hospital, this space is now used by a large tailoring business; the last pharmacy selling traditional medicine in the old quarter has been relocated to an outlying area and the space is now used as a souvenir shop.
Exclusive landownership as the increase in the price of land (as a result of tourism development and the “World Heritage site” label) has led to land ownership being out of reach to all but the wealthiest residents. This has led many local fishing villages to be evicted without adequate compensation.
Loss of tradition activities that were once part of locals’ daily life are now presented as if in a theatre,and are at risk of no longer being practised for traditional purposes. For example, traditional rituals are practiced for tourist entertainment, rather than for spiritual reasons
negative economic impacts of tourism impacts
Increased commodity prices as tourist numbers have grown, demand for almost all commodities has increased accordingly, driving up the price of many products.
Relatively expensive products that are in high demand by tourists, such as seafood, for example, are now almost unaffordable for many local residents.
At the same time, the supply of seafood is declining because marine resources are not being harvested sustainably, exarcabating this.
WTO definition of carrying capacity
he maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors’ satisfaction.
