Tourism Flashcards
Political factors affecting tourism
Many governments have invested heavily to encourage tourism Government backing for major international events such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup The perceived greater likelihood of terrorist attacks in certain destinations Government restrictions on in and outbound tourism Calls by non government organisations to boycott countries eg Burma
Social factors affecting global tourism
An increase in the average number of days of paid leave An increasing desire to experience different cultures and landscapes High levels of international migration over the last decade or so means that more people have friends and relatives abroad More people are avoiding certain destinations for ethical reasons d Raised expectations of international travel with increasing media coverage of holidays travel and nature
Economic factors affecting tourism
Steady rising incomes (tourism grows 1.3 times faster than GDP) The decreasing real cost of holidays The widening range of destinations within the middle income range The heavy marketing of shorter foreign holidays aimed a those who have the time and disposable income to take an extra break The expansion of budget airlines Air miles and other retail reward schemes aimed at travel and tourism Globalisation has increased business travel Periods of economic recession reduce tourism levels considerably
Cultural impact of tourism
The loss of locally owned land The abandonment of traditional values and practices Displacement of people to make way for tourist developments Alcoholism and drug abuse Abuse of human rights by governments and companies in the quest to maximise profits Crime and prostitution involved children Visitor congestion at key locations hindering the movement of local people Denying local people access to beaches to provide exclusivity for visitors The loss of housing for local people as more visitors by second homes in tourist areas
Positive cultural impacts of tourism
Increasing the range of social facilities for local people Helping develop foreign language skills for host communities
What is economic leakage?
the part of the month a tourist pays for a foreign holiday that does not benefit the destination country because it goes elsewhere such as payments or foreign owners of hotels
What is the multiplier effect?
when a new or expanding economic activity ina. region creates new employment and increased the amount of money circulating in that region this attracts further development creating more employment services and wealth
What is carrying capacity
A destination is the number of tourists a destination can take without placing too much pressure in local resources and infrastructure
What is sustainable tourism?
Organised in such a way that its level can be sustained in the future without creating irreparable environmental, social and economic damage to the recieving area
What is ecotourism?
A specialised form of tourism where people experience relatively untouched natural environments such as coral reefs, tropical forests, remote mountain areas ensure that their presence does not further damage to these environments
what are the overall factors affecting global trade
resource endowment historical factors locational advantage trade agreements
reasons for the increasing popularity of ecotourism
new experiences and environments effective media coverage education increased interest in evenironmentally friendly activity unattractiveness of tradiicstional tourism - life cycle model, mass tourism lowering cost of ecotourism per person as supply increases
what are the three functions of the WTO
Police free trade agreements Settle trade disputes between governments Organise trade negotiations
what are the overall reasons for the rapid growth in international tourism?
Rise in incomes Increased leisure time Increased mobility Increased promotion through media coverage Major sporting events Increased international migration Political freedom
how do the rise in incomes lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
More incomes gives poeple after they have paid for their basic needs Disposable money that they could spend on lesiure activities and tourism
how do the increased leisure time lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
This is caused by a shorter working weak, flexitime, paid annual holidays, earlier retirement with pension Several holidays may now be taken by people in one year
how does increased mobility lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
A result of private car ownership, improved roads; a decrease in the cost of air travel and the expansion of budget airlines like Ryanair More flights to more places ban ever before In 1970 there were 307 million airline passengers By 3016 this is 3.6 billion
how does the increased promotion through media coverage lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
Television Magazine The internet different holiday destinations and types of holiday
how does major sporting events lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
eg winter and summer olympic games world championship athletics football rugby and cricket world cups all advertise tourist opportunities
how does increased international migration lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
encouraging more people to visit relatives and friends abroad
how does greater political freedom lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?
since the breakup of the former USSR and changes in Chinese travel policies
what are the environmental advantages of tourism?
environmental protection and the conservation and preservation of wildlife due to: the use of revenues from tourism to enhance and manage environments use of green taxes from tourism contributed to the protection and management of environment environmental education - raised awareness of the importance of local and industrial environment conservation of heritage eg ancient sites, old sites, old buildings, urban heritage, old industrial sites for visits tree planting, landscaping improves the aesthetics of the area water supply schemes
social and cultural advantages?
an increased understanding of different people’s cultural and customs increased cultural links with other countries increased foreign language skills for both visitors and hosts increased social and recreational facilities for local people the preservation of traditional heritage sites and customs
social and cultural disadvantages of tourism?
demonstration effect - local people may copy the actions of some tourists in terms of dress diets habits and alcohol (traditional values abandoned) increase in prostitution and development of sex tourism young people may drop out from school to work in the informal tourist industry and earn money as unofficial guides or selling souvenirs people may be moved from their houses and land to make way for tourist development local landowners may sell large areas of land and coastline to non local or foreign buyers who may then deny access to local people
what are the general economic disadvantages of tourism?
seasonal unemployment leakage over dependent on tourism water shortages low paid and low skilled jobs
how is seasonal unemployment an economic disadvantage of tourism?
if people come for summer sun or winter skiing the rest of the year may mean fre or no tourists therefore little or no employment tropical wet seasons and monsoons discourage tourists at certain times of the year
how is over dependence on tourism an economic disadvantage of tourism?
should a natural or human disaster to occur there is little alternative income tunisia and egypt witnessed a dramatic fall in tourist numbers in 2011 and 2012 as a result of political changes and turmoil terrorist activity has seen several foreign governments advise against travelling to these places
how is leakage an economic disadvantage of tourism?
airlines hotels and tourist activities in LICs may be foreign often owned by large TNCs this means 60-75% per cent of tourist income may either never come to may leave the LiC many tourists may spend most of their money in hotels going on trips organised by their hotels so having little impact on the wider economy
how are low lid low skilled jobs an economic disadvantage of tourism?
many of the higher skilled and better paid jobs are taken by foreigners
how is a growth in income an economic advantage of tourism
this has a national and local impact it provides extra finance for new developments in infrastructure education and healthcare etc both the tohrist industries and the employed workers will usually pay taxes to their governments which increase government income this helps pay for major infrastructure developments eg healthcare education water and energetic supply this may be used both by tourists and the local population
how is foreign currency an economic advantage of tourism?
this helps pay for goods and services imported from abroad
how is multiplier effect an economic advantage of tourism?
it can encourage other developments to take place in an area
how is informal sector an economic advantage of tourism?
increasing employment oppertunitird it can help reduce migration especially from rural areas this employment can be in small cafes, hotels, souvenir shops, tour guides, local taxied etc informal sector prevents leakage
describe the involvement stage of butlers model
follows where local people are involved in providing local facilities for tourists eg simple accommodation an eating place or transport such as taxis a tourist season then emerges
describe the development stage of butlers model
sees inward investment into th area and tourism becomes a discrete important business activity companies and individual come into the area and start to take control, manage and organise the tourism industry creating package holidays local involvement diminished
describe the consolidation stage of butlers model
former agricultural land is take over for hotel and other tourist developments beaches and other areas become reserved for tourist use only local resentment at this development may increase and the growth rate may decelerate
describe the stagnation stage of butlers model
this may take place with further resentment at the development and the problems it is creating with a drop in tourist numbers
describe the decline stage of butlers model
a location becomes rundown damaged or no longer fashionable
describe the rejuvenation stage of butlers model
this may occur if a place becomes rebranded or circumstances fhange to make a place popular once more usually involves investment
reasons for the increasing popularity of ecotourism?
a search for new experiences and environments effective promotion or media coverage the increasing unattractiveness of more traditional forms of tourism eg mass tourism education increased interest in environmentally friendly or green activities lowering costs of ecotourism per person as supply increases
social factors that explain the rise of niche tourism?
changes in fashion search for new experiences greater environmental awareness health and fitness boom boredom with old destinations media influence; peer group activity and tales age/sex profile of population and poeple having more and longer holidays
economic factors for tourist consumers that explain the rise of niche tourism?
greater affluence and disposable income greater proportion of their personal budget being spent on tourists good deals from tour operators and favourable exchange rates
economic factors for tourist providers that explain the rise of niche tourism?
potential profit exploitation of new markets eco tourism aim to assist local economies marketing strategies
what are the environmental disadvantages of tourism?
pollution footpath erosion destruction of wildlife habitats disturbance to animal behaviour beach degradation damage to coral reefs
