Tourism

Question 1

How do social and economic factors affect tourism growth? 6

Answer 1

• people are wealthier with more disposable income
• families typically consist of two working parents increasing the family income
• average number of children couples have is decreasing leading to a cheaper lifestyle
• increased leisure time, with 4-6 weeks holiday a year
• car ownership has increased, increasing domestic tourism
• people are living longer leading to an increase in pensioners with more spare time

Question 2

How has improvements in technology affected tourism growth? 3

Answer 2

• travel has become faster and easier
• online booking has made holidays more accessible
• cheap flights around the work make holidays abroad more common

Question 3

How has expansion of holiday choice affected tourism growth? 2

Answer 3

• much greater variety of holiday available to suit more people
• cheap package holidays make holidays more available for families

Question 4

Types of pull features? 2

Answer 4

• culture - museums, art galleries, architecture, shops, restaurants
• landscape - mountainous, coastal, countryside

Question 5

What are the benefits of tourism in poorer countries? 5

Answer 5

• employment - many people are employed to serve tourists
• indirect employment - hotels buy produce from local suppliers to feed tourists
• foreign exchange - tourists spend money in pounds, US dollars and euros which can be used to pay for goods from abroad
• tax revenue - visitors pay for services they use, improving the local quality of life
• business - small businesses started to serve tourists

Question 6

Where is tourism very important to the economies?

Answer 6

Developing countries who rely on it heavily for foreign income, employment and improving living standards.

Question 7

UK seaside resorts?

Answer 7

Were very popular in the early 1970s with 40 million visitors annually. This declines due to an increasing availability of package holidays.

Question 8

First stage of Butler’s model?

Answer 8

Exploration: small numbers of visitors attracted by something particular. Local people have not developed many tourist services.

Question 9

Second stage of Butler’s model?

Answer 9

Involvement: local population sees opportunities and provides services for visitors.

Question 10

Third stage of Butler’s model?

Answer 10

Development: large companies build hotels, leisure complexes and advertise package holidays. The number of tourists and job opportunities for locals rise dramatically.

Question 11

Fourth stage of Butler’s model?

Answer 11

Consolidation: tourism is a major part of the local economy with a steady number of visitors. Some hotels are becoming unattractive and the type of visitors goes down-market.

Question 12

Fifth stage of Butler’s model?

Answer 12

Stagnation: the resort becomes unfashionable and tourism decreases with businesses failing.

Question 13

Final stage/s of Butler’s model? 2

Answer 13

Decline: visitors prefer other resorts and day trippers became the main source of income

OR

Rejuvenation: attempts are made to modernise the resort and attract different tourists

Question 14

Terrorism affecting UK tourism? 2

Answer 14

• 9/11 led to increased security and check-in times, putting off tourists
• 7/7 2005 Underground Bombings led to a sharp decline in visitor numbers

Question 15

Exchange rates affecting UK tourism? 2

Answer 15

• currency exchange rates control value for money for tourists on holiday
• tourists are attracted to countries with a weak exchange rate

Question 16

Banking crisis affecting UK tourism? 2

Answer 16

• recession in 2008 meant that people had less disposable income
• reduced the number of holidays taken

Question 17

Mass tourism?

Answer 17

Tourism in a large scale to one country or region equating to the development and consolidation phases of Butler’s model.

Question 18

Advantages of mass tourism? 5

Answer 18

• mass employment
• farmers with excess land can sell it at high prices to tourist firms for developments
• infrastructure put into place for tourists also benefits locals
• leisure facilities opened for tourists may be open to local people
• increased demand from tourists leads to a positive multiplier effect

Question 19

Disadvantages of mass tourism? 4

Answer 19

• major seasonal unemployment as tourists tend to visit much less in Winter
• smaller firms put out of business by larger firms and travel companies
• local employees often poorly paid meaning that they cannot afford to use the new facilities
• investing companies are usually based in more developed countries so profits leave the host country

Question 20

Extreme environments?

Answer 20

Locations with particularly difficult environments where the development of tourism has only recently occurred due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with elements of risk and physical challenges such as difficult climate.

Question 21

What can tourists do in extreme environments?

Answer 21

Range of “exciting” activities such as rock climbing, paragliding, climbing waterfalls, travelling through Chernobyl and ice-walking.

Question 22

Why is little investment needed in extreme environments?

Answer 22

Part of the experience is living tough and so no hotels or roads need to be built.

Question 23

Stewardship?

Answer 23

The personal responsibility of looking after the environment and not damaging the present or future environment through careful planning and development of strategies.

Question 24

Conservationship?

Answer 24

The careful and planned use of resources in order to manage and maintain the natural environment for future generations.

Question 25

Ecotourism?

Answer 25

Tourism that focuses on protecting the environment and local way of life.

Question 26

Why does ecotourism have little impact on the environment? 4

Answer 26

Ecotourists:
• stay in small eco-lodges with sustainable energy
• eat locally-grown food from a sustainable source
• use locals as guides
• holiday in very small groups to reduce noise pollution