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AQA Human Geography > Changing Urban Environments > Flashcards

Changing Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanisation?

A

A process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities.

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2
Q

Industrialisation?

A

A process in which increasing proportions of the population are employed in manufacturing.

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3
Q

Rural-urban migration?

A

A process in which people move from the countryside to towns.

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4
Q

Where has half the world’s population lived since 2008?

A

In towns and cities.

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5
Q

Where is there a greater increase in the proportion of the population?

A

Living in towns in less developed regions of the world.

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6
Q

Causes of urbanisation? 2

A
  • rural-urban migration

* natural increase

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7
Q

How does rural-urban migration cause urbanisation? 2

A
  • result of push-pull factors

* migrants tend to be younger leading to natural increase

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8
Q

How does natural increase cause urbanisation? 2

A
  • young migrants lead to an increasing birth rate

* improving healthcare leads to a lower death rate

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9
Q

CBD?

A

The focal point of the city with the highest land prices so people build up. Main roads meet up here so it is easily accessible meaning that shops locate here.

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10
Q

Inner City?

A

Contains many terraced houses and lots of flats with attempts at rejuvenation.

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11
Q

Suburbs?

A

Built up between the two World Wars and contains detached and semi-detached houses with many areas of green space.

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12
Q

Rural-Urban fringe?

A

Built after the war and contains estates with cul-de-sacs of detached and semi-detached larger houses many of which have multiple cars.

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13
Q

Issues for urban areas in richer countries? 5

A
  • housing
  • traffic
  • multicultural mix
  • CBD
  • inner city
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14
Q

Problem with housing?

A

Not enough of them.

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15
Q

Household?

A

A person living alone, or two or more people sharing a house or living room.

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16
Q

Population increase since 1971?

A

7%.

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17
Q

Number of households increased since 1971?

A

30%.

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18
Q

Why has the number of households increased? 3

A
  • more people living alone
  • people are living longer - improved healthcare
  • people are marrying later - cultural changes / affordability
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19
Q

Solution for the issue of housing?

A

Building more houses.

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20
Q

Brownfield site?

A

Land that has been built on before and is to be cleared and re-used.

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21
Q

Greenfield site?

A

Land that has not yet been built on, usually in the countryside.

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22
Q

How many houses does the government plan to build by 2016?

A

240,000.

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23
Q

How many of these government built houses will be on brownfield sites?

A

60%.

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24
Q

Advantages of Brownfield? 5

A
  • easy planning permission
  • utilities already provided
  • roads already exist
  • near to facilities in town
  • cuts commuting
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25
Q

Advantages of Greenfield? 5

A
  • no clearing needed
  • no road restrictions
  • cheaper land
  • space for gardens
  • pleasant countryside atmosphere
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26
Q

Car ownership increased dramatically recently? 3

A
  • decreasing price of cars
  • increased commuting distance
  • wider spread of facilities
27
Q

Problems that cars lead to? 4

A
  • air pollution
  • noise pollution
  • discolouring of buildings
  • uglier villages
28
Q

Car usage can be decreased? 5

A
  • park-and-ride schemes
  • congestion charging
  • Oyster cards
  • subsidised buses and trams
  • Barclay bikes
29
Q

Segregation?

A

When people of a particular ethnic group choose to live separate from other groups.

30
Q

What does segregation lead to?

A

Hate crimes and racism.

31
Q

Why does segregation occur? 4

A
  • segregated feel that they have the support of others of the same race
  • familiar culture and language in the area
  • specialist facilities such as religious buildings in the area
  • people of certain ethnic backgrounds tend to do similar jobs
32
Q

How can segregation be reduced? 4

A
  • improving education to teach people about different groups and their needs
  • increasing employment opportunities of different types in all areas
  • organising community meetings to bring all the groups together
  • providing facilities for everyone to make everyone feel welcome
33
Q

Why is the CBD an issue?

A

In the 1960s CBDs were quite unpleasant places with poor air quality and a horrible smell of diesel.

34
Q

How is the CBD an issue?

A

They struggled to attract businesses and the lack of businesses in the area worsened the issue.

35
Q

How was the issue of the CBD reduced?

A

Initiatives were developed to improve vibrancy and make the CBD a generally more pleasant place.

36
Q

What are the government strategies set up to improve inner city areas? 3

A
  • UDCs
  • City Challenge
  • Sustainable Communities
37
Q

UDCs? 3

A
  • set up in 1980s and 90s
  • use public funding and private investment to buy land
  • improves inner city areas
38
Q

City Challenge? 3

A
  • local authorities partner with the local community to design a scheme
  • scheme is submitted to compete against other councils to get funding
  • some of the funding is from the government and some from private companies
39
Q

Sustainable Communities? 3

A
  • offer housing, employment and recreation
  • stay in balance with the environment and offer a good life quality
  • housing, education, healthcare and security is all high quality
40
Q

Squatter settlements?

A

Areas of cities which are usually found on the outskirts that are built by people with any materials they can find on land that does not belong to them.

41
Q

Informal sector?

A

The part of the economy where unofficial jobs are created by people trying to gain an income.

42
Q

What leads to squatter settlements?

A

The speed of urbanisation in poorer countries.

43
Q

Why does the speed of urbanisation lead to squatter settlements?

A

The pace of rural-urban migration is too fast to allow the time needed to build proper houses and for the economy to provide jobs.

44
Q

Squatter settlements have? 8

A
  • no basic infrastructure
  • poor sanitation and no toilets
  • unstable houses made from corrugated iron, cardboard and wood
  • very little space per person
  • mass overcrowding
  • build up of rubbish
  • high crime rates
  • high death rates due to disease
45
Q

Squatter inhabitants have? 5

A
  • poorly paid unreliable jobs in the informal sector
  • no money to pay for improvements
  • uneducated children who will struggle to find a job
  • no healthcare
  • no privacy
46
Q

Strategies to improve squatter settlements? 2

A
  • self-help

* site and service

47
Q

Self-help?

A

Local authorities help to improve homes by offering finance in the form of loans or grants. Often install water and sanitation.

48
Q

What does self-help allow?

A

Residents to stay with their family members whilst improving their quality of life. Residents could object to interfering. Squatter settlements could expand as people want the extra help.

49
Q

Site and service?

A

Land is divided into individual plots with water, sanitation, electricity and a basic track layout being supplied before building by residents begins.

50
Q

Residents affected by site and service? 2

A
  • improving their quality of life

* forced to relocate which could take them far from their work or family

51
Q

Problems of rabid urbanisation in poorer parts of the world? 4

A
  • industrial accidents
  • electronic waste
  • untreated sewage
  • construction waste
52
Q

How are industrial accidents problems of rapid urbanisation? 3

A
  • no regulations
  • poor planning for expanding cities
  • serious industrial accidents
53
Q

How is electronic waste a problem from rapid urbanisation? 3

A
  • break down computers to get parts
  • parts are melted down for the precious metal
  • releases fumes which have serious health risks
54
Q

How is untreated sewage a problem of rapid urbanisation?

A

Often flows into rivers along with disease causing microbes. People wash and drink from rivers and suffer serious health issues as a result.

55
Q

How is construction waste a problem of rapid urbanisation?

A

Construction booms lead to lots of waste. Vast quantities of carbon dioxide and particulates are released due to construction.

56
Q

How is waste disposal reduced? 3

A
  • landfill - residents can extract rubbish from and reuse and resell it
  • large companies need to take responsibility for safely disposing of electrical goods by removing dangerous chemicals
  • recycling
57
Q

How is air pollution reduced? 2

A
  • new technology needs to be developed that can reduce emissions
  • reducing traffic
58
Q

How can water pollution be reduced?

A

Limits regarding water pollution need to be set and enforced.

59
Q

Sustainable city?

A

An urban area where residents have a way of life that will last a long time. The environment is not changed and the economic and social fabric, due to local involvement, is able to stand the test of time.

60
Q

How does conserving the historic and natural environment provide environmental sustainability? 3

A
  • historic buildings designated as World Heritage Sites are preserved
  • natural environment is conserved by reducing urban sprawl through green belts
  • building on brown belts is encouraged to promote sustainability
61
Q

How does reducing and safely disposing of wast provide environmental sustainability? 3

A
  • government sets targets for the quantity of rubbish that must be recycled
  • plastic bag use and packaging should be dramatically reduced
  • some waste will always be created and should be disposed of by incineration or landfill
62
Q

How does providing adequate open space provide environmental sustainability? 2

A
  • green belts offer open spaces for recreational activity

* many cities have designated areas of open space such as parks, gardens and playing fields

63
Q

How does involving local people provide environmental sustainability? 2

A
  • people are consulted at all stages of planning through surveys and meetings to make them feel involved
  • residents who have chosen local improvements are more likely to care for the area
64
Q

How does providing an efficient transport system provide environmental sustainability? 2

A
  • high volume of cars is a barrier to a city being sustainable as they cause congestion and pollution
  • efficient, relieved and comfortable public transport must be provided to encourage their use

AQA Human Geography (8 decks)

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