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Tourism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the social factors effecting tourism?

A

People have fewer children so it’s less expensive to take smaller families away
Car ownership has increased
More leisure time - it used to be 2 weeks per year now it’s 4-6
Life expectancy has risen so more are retired with good pensions so can afford to go away

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2
Q

What are the economic factors effecting tourism?

A

People are wealthier so incomes are larger and so is disposable income

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3
Q

What is disposable income?

A

The amount left to spend as you wish after essentials such as housing food and bills are paid

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4
Q

Why has improvements in technology and infrastructure affected tourism?

A

Travel is quick and easy - motor ways, air port expansion and fast jets
Flying is cheaper and booking is easier - in 2008 rapid rise in oil prices increased cost of flights so less people went abroad
Improvement in hotels and other forms of tourist services

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5
Q

What were popular resorts in the 1950s and 1960s?

A

Coastal resorts and national parks

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6
Q

Why was there a decline in 1970s of seaside holidays?

A

Due to competition form cheap package holidays to mainland Europe - especially Spain

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7
Q

What are the benefits of Tourism for poorer countries?

A

Increase in number of service sector jobs and variety
Small businesses have been started to serve the tourists e.g taxis, bars
The foreign exchange that tourists use is good to buy goods and service abroad for the poorer countries
Extra jobs created indirectly e,g local suppliers of food
Improvements in infrastructure and public service

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8
Q

Why do many governments tax visitors?

A

To help pay for the extra services they use such as water, drainage, electricity and roads

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9
Q

What is a multiplier effect?

A

Encouraging the growth of services and other businesses

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10
Q

Explain the multiplier effect

A

A hotel is set up, supplies jobs and the local businesses supply services, other companies attracted to the area , more jobs are indirectly created, workers spend income in local area, taxes improve local area, the area is a more popular tourist destination , money lost through leakage, new hotels

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11
Q

What is leakage

A

Profit made by tourism is take out of the country so it does not benefit the host country

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12
Q

Disadvantages of tourism for poorer countries

A

Many of the higher paid managerial jobs go to people from wealthier countries
Country relies too much on tourism so if it declines it causes problems
Jobs created are low paid
Profit from tourism lost through leakage

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13
Q

What is a case study of a developing country which is developing its economy through tourism?

A

Mauritius

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14
Q

What are the attractions of Mauritius?

A

Sandy beaches and warm sea water of 25*C and average monthly temperatures above this. Tourism helps it become less dependant on agriculture and improve the quality of life for local people

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15
Q

What the the three types of environments tourists are attracted to?

A

Coastal areas, mountains and cities

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16
Q

What are the attractions of coastal areas?

A

The 3Ss : sun, sand and sea.

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17
Q

Why do not many people stay at Uk coastal resorts?

A

They have sand and sea but aren’t guaranteed sun

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18
Q

Why did the mass summer exodus from the UK to beaches around the Mediterranean take off in the 1970s?

A

Charter flights and package holidays especially to Spain

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19
Q

Where are winter beach holidays?

A

Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Asia

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20
Q

What is the key geographical factor to coastal areas?

A

Climate

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21
Q

What attracts people to mountains?

A

The 2Ss - snow and scenery

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22
Q

Why do people prefer Going to the Alps or the Rockies then the Scottish Cairngorms?

A

Because the SC has ski facilities but no guarantee of winter snow whereas the Alps and the Rockies have more snow and it can be guaranteed at high levels also scenery in the Alps and Rockies is more rugged and varied than in the uk

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23
Q

What are the key geographical factors of mountain areas?

A

Climate and relief

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24
Q

Why are people attracted to cities?

A

Many and varied but mostly human.
Historical buildings, religious, defensive, public buildings, palaces, bridges, opera house, sports stadiums, museums.
Events - sporting, cultural, historical, entertainment, international events

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25
Q

What are examples of cities with unique features?

A

Venice and canals
Manhattan skyscrapers in New York
Cuzco with inca remains
Mecca with the holy Kaaba

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26
Q

What is the key geographical factor of cities?

A

Human

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27
Q

What is the dominant type of tourism to Pakistan?

A

Visiting family

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28
Q

What does the growth of long haul tourism reflect?

A

Peoples greater experience of travel and desire to broaden their horizons and lots of people now wish to see environments and experience cultures different from their own

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29
Q

In the Uk when did tourism start and how?

A

Victoria times When the wealthy upper classes would visit spa towns to “take the waters”

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30
Q

Why did tourism grow in the Uk?

A

Railways enabled people on a low income to travel

After WW1 government introduced a week paid holiday

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31
Q

Why were Brits tempted to go on overseas holidays?

A

Passenger jet air crafts were invented in the 1960s which made air travel cheaper
The guaranteed hot weather and cheap food and drink

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32
Q

When did uk seaside holidays peak?

A

The mid 1970s with 40 million visitors but it soon declined

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33
Q

Why is tourism regarded as one of the uKs key long term growth sectors?

A

Because it provides employment for people direct e.g workers in all types of accommodation and indirectly

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34
Q

How much does the Uk economy earn every year from tourism and leisure?

A

£80 billion

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35
Q

How much is the number of jobs that tourism supports forecasted to increase by between 2010 and 2020?

A

250,000

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36
Q

How can terrorism affect tourism?

A

9/11 in 2001 has a huge impact on travel so the USA, UK and EU stepped up security overnight so it’s harder to travel
London is a terrorist target making it unappealing to some
In the aftermath of such events numbers of visitors decline sharply

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37
Q

How can exchange rates and banking crisis affect tourism?

A

If the euro is high against the pound holidaying in eurozone countries becomes expensive
Banking crisis of 2008 meant people had less money to spend
People reduce the number of holidays they take or don’t have one
A weaker pound attracts more foreign visitors

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38
Q

What was the uKs first national park?

A

Peak District, Derbyshire

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39
Q

What can a national park be defined as?

A

An area of beautiful and relatively wild countryside

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40
Q

What are the aims of creating a national park?

A
  • to preserve and enhance an areas natural beauty

- to promote people’s enjoyment of the countryside

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41
Q

What is each national park run by?

A

It’s own national park authority

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42
Q

What are the positive and negatives of management tasks?

A

Managing the land, undertaking conservation work, planting woodland and repairing footpaths
Working with and advising local land owners
Controlling. Holding and new commercial development
Setting up facilities for visitors like info centres, car parks and picnic sites

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43
Q

What is a honey pot site?

A

A location attracting a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, place pressure on the environment and people

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44
Q

What does the butler tourist resort life cycle model say?

A

Any tourist resort starts on a small scale, develops into something more significant then either goes into decline or makes changes to maintain its attraction

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45
Q

What is the first stage of the butler model and what does this mean?

A

Exploration - small numbers of visitors are attracted by something like good beaches but local people have not yet developed specific tourist services

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46
Q

What is the second stage of the butler model and what does this mean?

A

Involvement - the local population see the opportunity and start to provide some accommodation, food, transport, guides and other services for tourists

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47
Q

What is the third stage of the butler model and what does this mean?

A

Development - large companies build hotels and leisure complex and advertise holidays so numbers of tourists rise dramatically and job opportunities arise but with pros and cons

48
Q

What is the fourth stage of the butler model and what does this mean?

A

Consolidation - tourism is a major part of the local economy and numbers of tourists are good and steady making employment more secure but some hotels and facilities may become old and unattractive

49
Q

What is the fifth stage of the butler model and what does this mean?

A

Stagnation - the resort becomes unfashionable and numbers of tourists stabilise/ begin to decline

50
Q

What are the two possible stage sixes of the butler model and what does this mean?

A

Decline - tourists prefer other resorts so day trippers or weekenders become the main source of income and unemployment and part time rise

Rejuvenation - attempts are made to modernise and change the resort to attract different people to enjoy new activities

51
Q

What are black pools attractions?

A
  • Lancashire coast in north west England
  • a beach, sandy and stretches for miles, sea front promenade and donkeys
  • Blackpool tower also the tower ballroom and Blackpool illuminations (a light show that’s been upgraded several times)
52
Q

How did the growth of Blackpool occur?

A
  • railway linked Blackpool to Manchester and other densely populated towns
  • factory workers visited Blackpool on bank holidays
  • when paid annual holiday was introduced they’d visit for s week
  • by 1900 there was a promenade, piers, big hotels and the tower
53
Q

How did the decline of Blackpool occur?

A
  • British seaside resorts have been in decline
  • not exciting so people didn’t return
  • not attractive enough to new visitors
  • no money coming in for investments so town looked run-down
    Between 1990 and 1999
  • visitors dropper from 17 mill to 11 mill
  • 1000 hotels ceased trading
  • 300 holiday flat premises closed
  • average hotel occupancy rates fell as low as 25%
54
Q

Problems with Blackpool

A
  • unreliable weather - wet and windy
  • beach erosion during winter storms
  • beach and sea pollution
  • unemployment
  • families frightened off by binge drinking culture of stag nights and hen parties
  • overcrowding and traffic jams on bank holidays
  • cheap over sea package holidays taking away visitors
55
Q

What are the strategies for solving black pools problems?

A
  • pulling down old buildings and landscaping car parks
  • beaches cleaned and facilities improved: by 2006 3 beaches had EU blue flags
  • sand extraction further south along coast has been reduced
  • Blackpool illuminations are being transformed by a 10 million pound investment
  • off season events like festivals being promoted
56
Q

What have Blackpool built and are building to try and increase tourists

A
  • water world in 2006
  • “the big one” on pleasure beach
  • Blackpool put in a bid to house the governments new supe-casino and some belived this would make it the Las Vegas of the U.K.
57
Q

Evaluation of blackpools strategies to improve tourism

A
  • The super-casino was awarded to Manchester but never built
  • the average occupancy rates remain below 25%
  • still have to rely on day trippers and people staying 2-3 nights
  • pleasure beach is still one of the most visited attractions in the uk
  • not a wealthy town and has high rates of unemployment
58
Q

Background to the Lake District

A

In Cumbria, Nw England
A national park in 1951
12 million tourists a year

59
Q

Physical attractions of the Lake District

A

Lakes e.g Windermere
Glaciated scenery e.g red tarn
Waterfalls e.g scale force
Mountains e.g scafell pike

60
Q

Popular activities in the Lake District

A

Walking
Climbing
Sailing
Water sports

61
Q

Human attractions of the Lake District

A

Beatrix potters house
Wordsworths cottage
Towns and villages like Keswick
Historical buildings and evidence of early settlements

62
Q

Positive impacts of tourism on the Lake District

A

Creation of many jobs in the tourism industry e,g working in shops
Farmers can diversify offering activities such as pony trekking

63
Q

Negative impacts of tourism on traffic at the Lake District

A

89% of visors come by car and many roads are narrow and winding so congestion is a problem
People park on grass verges which damages environment

64
Q

Strategies to improve problems of traffic because of tourism in the Lake District

A

Park and ride scheme encourages people to leave cars at the edge of the national park and go by bus

65
Q

Negative Impacts of honeypot sites because of tourists in the Lake District

A

Cat bells is an easy mountain to climb and suffers from serious footpath erosion and heavy rain causes soil erosion and gullying

66
Q

Strategies to improve the negative impacts of honey pot sites in the Lake District

A

Roadsides are fenced off so people can’t damage verges
Designated picnic areas means litter in fewer places
Footpaths repaired

67
Q

What is the negative impacts of pressure on property because of tourism in the Lake District

A

Almost 20% of property is second homes or holiday let accommodation which increases property prices causing problems for local people who have to find accommodation else where

68
Q

What are the management strategies to pressure on properties in the Lake District

A

The most difficult issue to manage as house prices can’t controlled so little has been achieved

69
Q

What are the environmental problems because of tourism in the Lake District

A

Fast vehicles on lakes cause problems and the wash form vehicles erode the shore and fuel spills causes pollution

70
Q

What are the strategies to reduce the environmental impact in the Lake District

A

A Sleed limit introduced on windmere which limits noise and restricts the amount of damage but now some tourists don’t visit and don’t spend money on fuel etc

71
Q

What is the management plan to ensure continuing success in the Lake District

A

Encourage visitors from more ethnic backgrounds
Persuade oeople to use other forms of transport e.g bike
Develop ways for tourism to be sustainable

72
Q

What is mass tourism

A

Involves large numbers of tourists coming to one destination equating to the development and consolidation phases of the butler tourist resort lifecycle model

73
Q

Why might some countries not be on the tourist map of the world?

A
  • inaccessible location
  • climate too extreme for comfort : too hot, cold, wet
  • lack of environments that are of interest
  • political instability e.g civil wars
  • government hostile to tourists e.g North Korea
74
Q

The advantages of the economy of mass tourism

A
  • greater earner of foreign exchange
  • increased size of domestic economy
  • new opportunities from the increase in number and variety of service occupations
  • new infrastructure can benefit
  • low income jobs can be converted to prove a better living e.g fishing boat used for coastal tours can offer tourist fishing or snorkelling
75
Q

The disadvantages on the economy of mass tourism

A
  • some local people like farmers may lose their livelihoods
  • visitor numbers fluctuate and areas popularity wanes
  • industry dominated by large travel companies
  • many jobs are seasonal e.g skiing in winter, poor paid and low skilled
  • high earning jobs often go to none locals
76
Q

The social benefits of mass tourism

A

New leisure facilities open to local people

77
Q

The social negatives of mass tourism

A
  • types of tourism don’t appeal to wealthier people
  • local people may not be able to afford the new facilities
  • tourists can be narrow- minded and prefer familiar food so it had to be imported
  • leakage
78
Q

Environmental positives of mass tourism

A

Greater awareness of the need for conservation of landscape features
Income from tourism many pay for management, conservation and repairs

79
Q

Environmental disadvantages of mass tourism

A

Complete destruction of envionments in order to build hotels roads and airports
Loss of rural peace and quiet
Pollution problems from litter going into rivers and seas
Divers damaging coral reef, footpath erosion , disturbance of wildlife
Local food production decreases as farmers sell land to make way for new buildings

80
Q

Physical attractions of the mass tourism case study Kenya

A

Wildlife - the big five of elephant, lion , leopard, buffalo and rhino (80% of tourists come for this)
Mountains - mount Kenya Africa’s second highest peak
Coast - white sandy beaches, lapped by Indian Ocean
Coral reefs - over 240 species of fish and a wide variety of coral
Climate - warm

81
Q

Human attractions of the mass tourism case study Kenya

A

Safaris - tourists are driven in minibuses to view wildlife
Balloon safaris - observe wildlife mag include a champagne breakfast to follow
Treks - up Mt Kenya
Local tribes - visiting e.g Masai people performing traditional dances
Glass bottom bottom trips - see coral reefs
Colourful bazaars - in Mombasa

82
Q

Why did mass Tourism develop in Kenya

A

It was ahead of other countries in protecting wildlife with 45 national parks and game reserves
Government promoted tourism
Kenya is not racked with civil war

83
Q

Benefits of mass tourism in Kenya

A
  • relies on inflow of foreign exchange
  • lots of jobs in service industry e.g in 2007 direct employment was 250,000
  • multiplier effect
  • surviving wildlife in Kenya because of game parks
84
Q

What are the negative impacts on the economy because of tourism on the mass tourism case study Kenya

A
  • when tourist numbers rise they drop down again

- in 2007 a disputed election led to tribal violence and media coverage meant tourists were scared off

85
Q

Environmental damage of mass tourism in Kenya

A

Coral reefs - boats drop anchors on reefs in mombasa and tourists take coral as souvenirs but patrols have increased and boat owners are educated

Game parks - drivers want to get close to animals to get tips and leave main tracks then surround and disturb wildlife, soil erosion, Kenya wildlife service are open to bribery ignore poaching and don’t discipline drivers that go off the track

86
Q

What are the negative social impacts of mass tourism in Kenya

A

Conflicts between tribespeople, the Masai and the Kenyan authorities
Masai driven off land to make way for game parks but villagers are injured and sometimes killed by wild animals but they can’t kill back
Less than 2% of money spent at the Masai Mara park benefits local Masai people

87
Q

Strategies to deal with mass tourism in Kenya

A

Kenya national tourism master plan :
Diversity the toast product range to develop new tourist activity s.g rafting and canoeing
Achieve a better distribution of tourist activities to produce pressure on hot spots

  • ecotourism
88
Q

What is “environmental concerns”?

A

A new program aimed to curb tourists in over visited parks while doubling park entry fees setting high minimum prices.

89
Q

Why are tourists travelling to extreme environments more?

A
  • more adventurous
  • remote destinations has been made accessible
  • attracted by the emptiness
  • see natural worlds that are totally different to what we live in called wilderness areas
90
Q

What are extreme environments?

A

Places where few people live due to difficult physical conditions e.g too cold, too hot, too dry

91
Q

What are adventure tourists usually?

A

Often in their 30s, unmarried and without children and have a good income

92
Q

Why is extreme tourism good for profit?

A

Little investment is needed to set up the trips, the costly expenses of building hotels and roads are irrelevant and people like to sleep rough and travel over untouched landscapes

93
Q

Some facts of tourism in Antarctica

A
  • over 40,000 tourists visit each year and over 100 companies are involved
  • arrive by cruise ship: no commercial airports
  • season is narrow mid-November to mid-March
  • small boats take tourists ashore at key locations for short visits e.g to Antarctic peninsula
94
Q

What are tourists attracted to in Antarctica

A
  • magnificent scenery e.g glaciers and icebergs
  • wildlife e.g penguins, whales and seals
  • antarcticas remoteness and extreme environment adds a sense of excitement
95
Q

What activities can you do in Antarctica?

A

Walking, kayaking, skiing, climbing, scuba diving, helicopters

96
Q

What are the IAATOs guidelines for tourism in Antarctica?

A
  • no more than 100 people ashore at a time
  • no souvenirs
  • discharge of waste and disposal of rubbish in antaric waters is not allowed
  • don’t go within 5m of penguins
  • don’t walk on lichens
  • don’t visit SSSI sites in order to conserve landscape and wildlife
  • no ships carrying over 500 can land
  • a permit is needed for activity on continent
97
Q

What are the positive impacts of tourism in Antarctica?

A
  • tour operators contribute money to schemes to conserve
  • visitors usually become advocates for protecting Antarctica when they return home
  • tourism has conserved imports sites e.g Scott’s hut
98
Q

Negative impacts of tourism on Antarctica

A
  • boats visit the same penguin colonies which disturbs the birds
  • animals are disturbed by more than a few people they are not used to humans and don’t like people touched - may leave and abandon their eggs and young
  • tourists trample slow-growing fragile plants and leave litter
  • size of tour ships is increasing an oil spill may be disastrous
99
Q

The future of Antarctica and tourism

A
  • concern that larger ships will eventually be allowed to land and the volume of tourists will be beyond sustainable
  • breeding patterns may be disrupted
  • development of land based tourism
  • tourists may see Antarctica as a theme park Rather than a fragile nature reserve
100
Q

What is stewardship?

A

The personal responsibility to look after things in this case the environment

101
Q

What is conservation?

A

The careful and planned use of resources in order to maintain and manage the natural environment for future generations

102
Q

What is the tourism tragedy in Kenya

A

Off road mini buses wrecking vegetation, sewage seeping into rivers, trees cut down for firewood, cheetahs changing hunting habits to avoid tourism

103
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

The heading often applied to environmentally friendly tourism

104
Q

What does responsible/ecotourism aim to do?

A

Protect the environment, respect local cultures, benefits local community, conserve nature resources and causes minimum pollution

105
Q

What do the aims of ecotourism want to be?

A

Environmentally sound - natural envionments and wildlife safeguarded

Socially sound - considers the needs of and involved local communities

Sustainable - looking after today’s tourists needs that doesn’t damage those of future generations

106
Q

What are ecotourists looking for?

A
  • ability to experience nature directly e.g bird watching
  • a low impact holiday
  • small scale accommodation in lodges maybe even no electricity
  • opportunities to eat local food
  • local guides with their valuable knowledge and experience
107
Q

What is a downside of ecotourism?

A

It costs more so it’s only available for those with enough money even if others also want sustainable tourism

108
Q

What are the limitations of ecotourism?

A
  • small scale and the price paid by each tourist is high so the market for ecotourism st the moment is limited
  • local people may not be well educated and may be vulnerable to be cheated by operators
109
Q

What is the background to the ecotourism of Masai Mara national reserve in Kenya?

A
  • a traditional safari and game park
  • usually, Masai people gain little from tourism. They are formed to move their cattle off grazing land to make room for lions but ecotourism helps them see benefits
110
Q

What is the scheme in the Masai Mara reserve in Kenya?

A

A joint project with base camp foundation and covers 20000 hectares of the Masai Mara and has a high density of wildlife and with this scheme travel companies lease the Masai land so the Masai people receive a regular monthly rent from it in return

111
Q

What is the money that is invested in the Masai Mara national reserve in Kenya being spent on?

A

Reforestation programmes, training and education local people, a health clinic and water provided through a borehole and solar pump

112
Q

What are the benefits of the Masai Mara national reserve in Kenya?

A
  • jobs created as a training school coaching a new generation of Masai tour guides
  • in souvenir shops each item is labelled with the name f the women who made is guaranteeing the profit goes straight to her
  • tourists stay in luxury tents that have little impact on the local ecosystem
  • safari tours by foot so less erosion
113
Q

Why is the scheme in Masai Mara national park better than those in other none ecotourist parks?

A

The local people have more control and the conservancy payment helps to support their way of life

114
Q

What Is the hope of the Masai Mara national park reserve new scheme?

A

The project helps to better protect the wildlife in an area that is part of the crucial wildlife migration corridors of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem

115
Q

What is tourism?

A

Travelling away from home and staying away for at least one night e.g holidays, business trips and visiting friends

Geography (5 decks)

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