Tourism Flashcards
What are the social factors effecting tourism?
People have fewer children so it’s less expensive to take smaller families away
Car ownership has increased
More leisure time - it used to be 2 weeks per year now it’s 4-6
Life expectancy has risen so more are retired with good pensions so can afford to go away
What are the economic factors effecting tourism?
People are wealthier so incomes are larger and so is disposable income
What is disposable income?
The amount left to spend as you wish after essentials such as housing food and bills are paid
Why has improvements in technology and infrastructure affected tourism?
Travel is quick and easy - motor ways, air port expansion and fast jets
Flying is cheaper and booking is easier - in 2008 rapid rise in oil prices increased cost of flights so less people went abroad
Improvement in hotels and other forms of tourist services
What were popular resorts in the 1950s and 1960s?
Coastal resorts and national parks
Why was there a decline in 1970s of seaside holidays?
Due to competition form cheap package holidays to mainland Europe - especially Spain
What are the benefits of Tourism for poorer countries?
Increase in number of service sector jobs and variety
Small businesses have been started to serve the tourists e.g taxis, bars
The foreign exchange that tourists use is good to buy goods and service abroad for the poorer countries
Extra jobs created indirectly e,g local suppliers of food
Improvements in infrastructure and public service
Why do many governments tax visitors?
To help pay for the extra services they use such as water, drainage, electricity and roads
What is a multiplier effect?
Encouraging the growth of services and other businesses
Explain the multiplier effect
A hotel is set up, supplies jobs and the local businesses supply services, other companies attracted to the area , more jobs are indirectly created, workers spend income in local area, taxes improve local area, the area is a more popular tourist destination , money lost through leakage, new hotels
What is leakage
Profit made by tourism is take out of the country so it does not benefit the host country
Disadvantages of tourism for poorer countries
Many of the higher paid managerial jobs go to people from wealthier countries
Country relies too much on tourism so if it declines it causes problems
Jobs created are low paid
Profit from tourism lost through leakage
What is a case study of a developing country which is developing its economy through tourism?
Mauritius
What are the attractions of Mauritius?
Sandy beaches and warm sea water of 25*C and average monthly temperatures above this. Tourism helps it become less dependant on agriculture and improve the quality of life for local people
What the the three types of environments tourists are attracted to?
Coastal areas, mountains and cities
What are the attractions of coastal areas?
The 3Ss : sun, sand and sea.
Why do not many people stay at Uk coastal resorts?
They have sand and sea but aren’t guaranteed sun
Why did the mass summer exodus from the UK to beaches around the Mediterranean take off in the 1970s?
Charter flights and package holidays especially to Spain
Where are winter beach holidays?
Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Asia
What is the key geographical factor to coastal areas?
Climate
What attracts people to mountains?
The 2Ss - snow and scenery
Why do people prefer Going to the Alps or the Rockies then the Scottish Cairngorms?
Because the SC has ski facilities but no guarantee of winter snow whereas the Alps and the Rockies have more snow and it can be guaranteed at high levels also scenery in the Alps and Rockies is more rugged and varied than in the uk
What are the key geographical factors of mountain areas?
Climate and relief
Why are people attracted to cities?
Many and varied but mostly human.
Historical buildings, religious, defensive, public buildings, palaces, bridges, opera house, sports stadiums, museums.
Events - sporting, cultural, historical, entertainment, international events
What are examples of cities with unique features?
Venice and canals
Manhattan skyscrapers in New York
Cuzco with inca remains
Mecca with the holy Kaaba
What is the key geographical factor of cities?
Human
What is the dominant type of tourism to Pakistan?
Visiting family
What does the growth of long haul tourism reflect?
Peoples greater experience of travel and desire to broaden their horizons and lots of people now wish to see environments and experience cultures different from their own
In the Uk when did tourism start and how?
Victoria times When the wealthy upper classes would visit spa towns to “take the waters”
Why did tourism grow in the Uk?
Railways enabled people on a low income to travel
After WW1 government introduced a week paid holiday
Why were Brits tempted to go on overseas holidays?
Passenger jet air crafts were invented in the 1960s which made air travel cheaper
The guaranteed hot weather and cheap food and drink
When did uk seaside holidays peak?
The mid 1970s with 40 million visitors but it soon declined
Why is tourism regarded as one of the uKs key long term growth sectors?
Because it provides employment for people direct e.g workers in all types of accommodation and indirectly
How much does the Uk economy earn every year from tourism and leisure?
£80 billion
How much is the number of jobs that tourism supports forecasted to increase by between 2010 and 2020?
250,000
How can terrorism affect tourism?
9/11 in 2001 has a huge impact on travel so the USA, UK and EU stepped up security overnight so it’s harder to travel
London is a terrorist target making it unappealing to some
In the aftermath of such events numbers of visitors decline sharply
How can exchange rates and banking crisis affect tourism?
If the euro is high against the pound holidaying in eurozone countries becomes expensive
Banking crisis of 2008 meant people had less money to spend
People reduce the number of holidays they take or don’t have one
A weaker pound attracts more foreign visitors
What was the uKs first national park?
Peak District, Derbyshire
What can a national park be defined as?
An area of beautiful and relatively wild countryside
What are the aims of creating a national park?
- to preserve and enhance an areas natural beauty
- to promote people’s enjoyment of the countryside
What is each national park run by?
It’s own national park authority
What are the positive and negatives of management tasks?
Managing the land, undertaking conservation work, planting woodland and repairing footpaths
Working with and advising local land owners
Controlling. Holding and new commercial development
Setting up facilities for visitors like info centres, car parks and picnic sites
What is a honey pot site?
A location attracting a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, place pressure on the environment and people
What does the butler tourist resort life cycle model say?
Any tourist resort starts on a small scale, develops into something more significant then either goes into decline or makes changes to maintain its attraction
What is the first stage of the butler model and what does this mean?
Exploration - small numbers of visitors are attracted by something like good beaches but local people have not yet developed specific tourist services
What is the second stage of the butler model and what does this mean?
Involvement - the local population see the opportunity and start to provide some accommodation, food, transport, guides and other services for tourists
What is the third stage of the butler model and what does this mean?
Development - large companies build hotels and leisure complex and advertise holidays so numbers of tourists rise dramatically and job opportunities arise but with pros and cons
What is the fourth stage of the butler model and what does this mean?
Consolidation - tourism is a major part of the local economy and numbers of tourists are good and steady making employment more secure but some hotels and facilities may become old and unattractive
What is the fifth stage of the butler model and what does this mean?
Stagnation - the resort becomes unfashionable and numbers of tourists stabilise/ begin to decline
What are the two possible stage sixes of the butler model and what does this mean?
Decline - tourists prefer other resorts so day trippers or weekenders become the main source of income and unemployment and part time rise
Rejuvenation - attempts are made to modernise and change the resort to attract different people to enjoy new activities
What are black pools attractions?
- Lancashire coast in north west England
- a beach, sandy and stretches for miles, sea front promenade and donkeys
- Blackpool tower also the tower ballroom and Blackpool illuminations (a light show that’s been upgraded several times)
How did the growth of Blackpool occur?
- railway linked Blackpool to Manchester and other densely populated towns
- factory workers visited Blackpool on bank holidays
- when paid annual holiday was introduced they’d visit for s week
- by 1900 there was a promenade, piers, big hotels and the tower
How did the decline of Blackpool occur?
- British seaside resorts have been in decline
- not exciting so people didn’t return
- not attractive enough to new visitors
- no money coming in for investments so town looked run-down
Between 1990 and 1999 - visitors dropper from 17 mill to 11 mill
- 1000 hotels ceased trading
- 300 holiday flat premises closed
- average hotel occupancy rates fell as low as 25%
Problems with Blackpool
- unreliable weather - wet and windy
- beach erosion during winter storms
- beach and sea pollution
- unemployment
- families frightened off by binge drinking culture of stag nights and hen parties
- overcrowding and traffic jams on bank holidays
- cheap over sea package holidays taking away visitors
What are the strategies for solving black pools problems?
- pulling down old buildings and landscaping car parks
- beaches cleaned and facilities improved: by 2006 3 beaches had EU blue flags
- sand extraction further south along coast has been reduced
- Blackpool illuminations are being transformed by a 10 million pound investment
- off season events like festivals being promoted
What have Blackpool built and are building to try and increase tourists
- water world in 2006
- “the big one” on pleasure beach
- Blackpool put in a bid to house the governments new supe-casino and some belived this would make it the Las Vegas of the U.K.
Evaluation of blackpools strategies to improve tourism
- The super-casino was awarded to Manchester but never built
- the average occupancy rates remain below 25%
- still have to rely on day trippers and people staying 2-3 nights
- pleasure beach is still one of the most visited attractions in the uk
- not a wealthy town and has high rates of unemployment
Background to the Lake District
In Cumbria, Nw England
A national park in 1951
12 million tourists a year
Physical attractions of the Lake District
Lakes e.g Windermere
Glaciated scenery e.g red tarn
Waterfalls e.g scale force
Mountains e.g scafell pike
Popular activities in the Lake District
Walking
Climbing
Sailing
Water sports
Human attractions of the Lake District
Beatrix potters house
Wordsworths cottage
Towns and villages like Keswick
Historical buildings and evidence of early settlements
Positive impacts of tourism on the Lake District
Creation of many jobs in the tourism industry e,g working in shops
Farmers can diversify offering activities such as pony trekking
Negative impacts of tourism on traffic at the Lake District
89% of visors come by car and many roads are narrow and winding so congestion is a problem
People park on grass verges which damages environment
Strategies to improve problems of traffic because of tourism in the Lake District
Park and ride scheme encourages people to leave cars at the edge of the national park and go by bus
Negative Impacts of honeypot sites because of tourists in the Lake District
Cat bells is an easy mountain to climb and suffers from serious footpath erosion and heavy rain causes soil erosion and gullying
Strategies to improve the negative impacts of honey pot sites in the Lake District
Roadsides are fenced off so people can’t damage verges
Designated picnic areas means litter in fewer places
Footpaths repaired
What is the negative impacts of pressure on property because of tourism in the Lake District
Almost 20% of property is second homes or holiday let accommodation which increases property prices causing problems for local people who have to find accommodation else where
What are the management strategies to pressure on properties in the Lake District
The most difficult issue to manage as house prices can’t controlled so little has been achieved
What are the environmental problems because of tourism in the Lake District
Fast vehicles on lakes cause problems and the wash form vehicles erode the shore and fuel spills causes pollution
What are the strategies to reduce the environmental impact in the Lake District
A Sleed limit introduced on windmere which limits noise and restricts the amount of damage but now some tourists don’t visit and don’t spend money on fuel etc
What is the management plan to ensure continuing success in the Lake District
Encourage visitors from more ethnic backgrounds
Persuade oeople to use other forms of transport e.g bike
Develop ways for tourism to be sustainable
What is mass tourism
Involves large numbers of tourists coming to one destination equating to the development and consolidation phases of the butler tourist resort lifecycle model
Why might some countries not be on the tourist map of the world?
- inaccessible location
- climate too extreme for comfort : too hot, cold, wet
- lack of environments that are of interest
- political instability e.g civil wars
- government hostile to tourists e.g North Korea
The advantages of the economy of mass tourism
- greater earner of foreign exchange
- increased size of domestic economy
- new opportunities from the increase in number and variety of service occupations
- new infrastructure can benefit
- low income jobs can be converted to prove a better living e.g fishing boat used for coastal tours can offer tourist fishing or snorkelling
The disadvantages on the economy of mass tourism
- some local people like farmers may lose their livelihoods
- visitor numbers fluctuate and areas popularity wanes
- industry dominated by large travel companies
- many jobs are seasonal e.g skiing in winter, poor paid and low skilled
- high earning jobs often go to none locals
The social benefits of mass tourism
New leisure facilities open to local people
The social negatives of mass tourism
- types of tourism don’t appeal to wealthier people
- local people may not be able to afford the new facilities
- tourists can be narrow- minded and prefer familiar food so it had to be imported
- leakage
Environmental positives of mass tourism
Greater awareness of the need for conservation of landscape features
Income from tourism many pay for management, conservation and repairs
Environmental disadvantages of mass tourism
Complete destruction of envionments in order to build hotels roads and airports
Loss of rural peace and quiet
Pollution problems from litter going into rivers and seas
Divers damaging coral reef, footpath erosion , disturbance of wildlife
Local food production decreases as farmers sell land to make way for new buildings
Physical attractions of the mass tourism case study Kenya
Wildlife - the big five of elephant, lion , leopard, buffalo and rhino (80% of tourists come for this)
Mountains - mount Kenya Africa’s second highest peak
Coast - white sandy beaches, lapped by Indian Ocean
Coral reefs - over 240 species of fish and a wide variety of coral
Climate - warm
Human attractions of the mass tourism case study Kenya
Safaris - tourists are driven in minibuses to view wildlife
Balloon safaris - observe wildlife mag include a champagne breakfast to follow
Treks - up Mt Kenya
Local tribes - visiting e.g Masai people performing traditional dances
Glass bottom bottom trips - see coral reefs
Colourful bazaars - in Mombasa
Why did mass Tourism develop in Kenya
It was ahead of other countries in protecting wildlife with 45 national parks and game reserves
Government promoted tourism
Kenya is not racked with civil war
Benefits of mass tourism in Kenya
- relies on inflow of foreign exchange
- lots of jobs in service industry e.g in 2007 direct employment was 250,000
- multiplier effect
- surviving wildlife in Kenya because of game parks
What are the negative impacts on the economy because of tourism on the mass tourism case study Kenya
- when tourist numbers rise they drop down again
- in 2007 a disputed election led to tribal violence and media coverage meant tourists were scared off
Environmental damage of mass tourism in Kenya
Coral reefs - boats drop anchors on reefs in mombasa and tourists take coral as souvenirs but patrols have increased and boat owners are educated
Game parks - drivers want to get close to animals to get tips and leave main tracks then surround and disturb wildlife, soil erosion, Kenya wildlife service are open to bribery ignore poaching and don’t discipline drivers that go off the track
What are the negative social impacts of mass tourism in Kenya
Conflicts between tribespeople, the Masai and the Kenyan authorities
Masai driven off land to make way for game parks but villagers are injured and sometimes killed by wild animals but they can’t kill back
Less than 2% of money spent at the Masai Mara park benefits local Masai people
Strategies to deal with mass tourism in Kenya
Kenya national tourism master plan :
Diversity the toast product range to develop new tourist activity s.g rafting and canoeing
Achieve a better distribution of tourist activities to produce pressure on hot spots
- ecotourism
What is “environmental concerns”?
A new program aimed to curb tourists in over visited parks while doubling park entry fees setting high minimum prices.
Why are tourists travelling to extreme environments more?
- more adventurous
- remote destinations has been made accessible
- attracted by the emptiness
- see natural worlds that are totally different to what we live in called wilderness areas
What are extreme environments?
Places where few people live due to difficult physical conditions e.g too cold, too hot, too dry
What are adventure tourists usually?
Often in their 30s, unmarried and without children and have a good income
Why is extreme tourism good for profit?
Little investment is needed to set up the trips, the costly expenses of building hotels and roads are irrelevant and people like to sleep rough and travel over untouched landscapes
Some facts of tourism in Antarctica
- over 40,000 tourists visit each year and over 100 companies are involved
- arrive by cruise ship: no commercial airports
- season is narrow mid-November to mid-March
- small boats take tourists ashore at key locations for short visits e.g to Antarctic peninsula
What are tourists attracted to in Antarctica
- magnificent scenery e.g glaciers and icebergs
- wildlife e.g penguins, whales and seals
- antarcticas remoteness and extreme environment adds a sense of excitement
What activities can you do in Antarctica?
Walking, kayaking, skiing, climbing, scuba diving, helicopters
What are the IAATOs guidelines for tourism in Antarctica?
- no more than 100 people ashore at a time
- no souvenirs
- discharge of waste and disposal of rubbish in antaric waters is not allowed
- don’t go within 5m of penguins
- don’t walk on lichens
- don’t visit SSSI sites in order to conserve landscape and wildlife
- no ships carrying over 500 can land
- a permit is needed for activity on continent
What are the positive impacts of tourism in Antarctica?
- tour operators contribute money to schemes to conserve
- visitors usually become advocates for protecting Antarctica when they return home
- tourism has conserved imports sites e.g Scott’s hut
Negative impacts of tourism on Antarctica
- boats visit the same penguin colonies which disturbs the birds
- animals are disturbed by more than a few people they are not used to humans and don’t like people touched - may leave and abandon their eggs and young
- tourists trample slow-growing fragile plants and leave litter
- size of tour ships is increasing an oil spill may be disastrous
The future of Antarctica and tourism
- concern that larger ships will eventually be allowed to land and the volume of tourists will be beyond sustainable
- breeding patterns may be disrupted
- development of land based tourism
- tourists may see Antarctica as a theme park Rather than a fragile nature reserve
What is stewardship?
The personal responsibility to look after things in this case the environment
What is conservation?
The careful and planned use of resources in order to maintain and manage the natural environment for future generations
What is the tourism tragedy in Kenya
Off road mini buses wrecking vegetation, sewage seeping into rivers, trees cut down for firewood, cheetahs changing hunting habits to avoid tourism
What is ecotourism?
The heading often applied to environmentally friendly tourism
What does responsible/ecotourism aim to do?
Protect the environment, respect local cultures, benefits local community, conserve nature resources and causes minimum pollution
What do the aims of ecotourism want to be?
Environmentally sound - natural envionments and wildlife safeguarded
Socially sound - considers the needs of and involved local communities
Sustainable - looking after today’s tourists needs that doesn’t damage those of future generations
What are ecotourists looking for?
- ability to experience nature directly e.g bird watching
- a low impact holiday
- small scale accommodation in lodges maybe even no electricity
- opportunities to eat local food
- local guides with their valuable knowledge and experience
What is a downside of ecotourism?
It costs more so it’s only available for those with enough money even if others also want sustainable tourism
What are the limitations of ecotourism?
- small scale and the price paid by each tourist is high so the market for ecotourism st the moment is limited
- local people may not be well educated and may be vulnerable to be cheated by operators
What is the background to the ecotourism of Masai Mara national reserve in Kenya?
- a traditional safari and game park
- usually, Masai people gain little from tourism. They are formed to move their cattle off grazing land to make room for lions but ecotourism helps them see benefits
What is the scheme in the Masai Mara reserve in Kenya?
A joint project with base camp foundation and covers 20000 hectares of the Masai Mara and has a high density of wildlife and with this scheme travel companies lease the Masai land so the Masai people receive a regular monthly rent from it in return
What is the money that is invested in the Masai Mara national reserve in Kenya being spent on?
Reforestation programmes, training and education local people, a health clinic and water provided through a borehole and solar pump
What are the benefits of the Masai Mara national reserve in Kenya?
- jobs created as a training school coaching a new generation of Masai tour guides
- in souvenir shops each item is labelled with the name f the women who made is guaranteeing the profit goes straight to her
- tourists stay in luxury tents that have little impact on the local ecosystem
- safari tours by foot so less erosion
Why is the scheme in Masai Mara national park better than those in other none ecotourist parks?
The local people have more control and the conservancy payment helps to support their way of life
What Is the hope of the Masai Mara national park reserve new scheme?
The project helps to better protect the wildlife in an area that is part of the crucial wildlife migration corridors of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem
What is tourism?
Travelling away from home and staying away for at least one night e.g holidays, business trips and visiting friends
