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Human Case Studies Flashcards

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0
Q

What is Russia’s pro natalist policy?

A

The national sex day

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1
Q

What are two example of countries with pro natalist policies?

A

France and Russia

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2
Q

What is the national sex day?

A

Once a year Russians have a day off work to have sex, if a baby is born nine months to the day they go into a prize draw to win prizes like a new car or radio

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3
Q

Why did France introduce a pro natalist policy?

A

It was worried that people weren’t going to have enough children and so that country wasn’t going to be able to sustain itself

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4
Q

What are two of the results from Frances pro natalist policies?

A
  1. ) resulted in mothers having children and remaining in work
  2. ) France has the highest fertility rates in Europe
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5
Q

What are five of the strategies in France to encourage births?

A
  1. ) a cash incentive of 675 monthly for a mother to stay of work with her child for a year after the third child
  2. ) large family cards, reduction in train fares
  3. ) people with children pay less tax
  4. ) three years paid parental leave for mother or farthers
  5. ) governments subsidised daycare or children under the age of three
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6
Q

What is an example of a place with a non birth control policy?

A

Philippines

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7
Q

What is the population in the Philippines ?

A

98 million

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8
Q

Why do the Philippines have a non birth control policy?

A

Mostly Catholics which don’t promote birth control, access to contraception is limited and abortion is illegal

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9
Q

What are the four main effects of a non birth control policy in the Philippines?

A
  1. ) half of the population younger than 21 years old
  2. ) population may double in 30 years
  3. ) increasingly difficult to provide basic services for growing population
  4. ) unsustainable growth
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10
Q

Where is a place with a anti natalist policy?

A

China

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11
Q

What is China’s anti natalist policy called?

A

China’s one child policy

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12
Q

When was China’s one child policy announced?

A

1979

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13
Q

What is China’s population?

A

Over 1.3 billion

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14
Q

Why did China introduce the one child policy?

A

During the 1970s the country was heading for famine as there wasn’t enough food for the country so changes had to be made

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15
Q

What are eight main points about China’s one child policy?

A
  1. ) you had to have permission from the government to marry
  2. ) couldn’t marry until your late 20s
  3. ) free education and healthcare for one child families
  4. ) families with more than one child paid heavy fines
  5. ) 10% salary cut
  6. ) no promotions at work
  7. ) family planning at work
  8. ) abortion and sterilisation
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16
Q

What has China’s growth rate slowed to and what is it similar to?

A

0.6%, that of a MEDC

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17
Q

Are are the three main positive effects of China’s one child policy?

A
  1. ) birth rates fallen
  2. ) growth rate slowed
  3. ) enough food and jobs for population
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18
Q

What are the five main negative effects of China’s one child policy?

A
  1. ) problem with ageing population
  2. ) boys more valued than girls lead to an unbalanced population 11 males to 10 males
  3. ) dependency rate problems one child supporting two parents
  4. ) little emperor syndrome, only child spoilt
  5. ) China’s lost girls, families killed girls because they were last valued
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19
Q

What are three changes that were made to China’s one child policy?

A
  1. ) relaxed in urban areas
  2. ) women are allowed two child if the first is a girl
  3. ) young couples who are only children can have two children
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20
Q

Where is a place that suffers with an ageing population?

A

UK

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21
Q

How is the number of over 65s meant to grow to?

A

From 9.5 million to 15 million by 2040

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22
Q

What are six issues caused by an ageing population in the UK?

A
  1. ) increasing dependency ratio
  2. ) increasing demand on healthcare, illnesses occur in old age
  3. ) elderly people see their GP more often
  4. ) need more services like care homes which are expensive
  5. ) half of NHS budget spent on treating over 65s
  6. ) there is now a pension crisis
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23
Q

What is the pension crisis?

A

When the pension was first introduced there was 22 people of working ages for every retired person by 2024 there will be less than 3

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24
Q

What are six opportunities created by an ageing population in the UK?

A
  1. ) voluntary work
    2) valuable Childcare for grand children
  2. ) spend pensions on leisure activities like holidays
  3. ) companies target elderly people
  4. ) many work beyond the retiring age
  5. ) still pay income on income and savings
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25
Q

What are five strategies to try and improve the ageing population in the UK?

A
  1. ) increase retiring age to 68 by 2049
  2. ) cut NHS funding
  3. ) restrict access to drugs for old age diseases
  4. ) support birth rate
  5. ) encourage migration to get more people for working age to the country
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26
Q

Where is a place than has voluntary migration?

A

From Poland to the UK

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27
Q

What sort of migrants come to the UK?

A

Economic migrants searching for work and a better lifestyle

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28
Q

Why does Europe need immigrants?

A

Falling birth rate results in a lack of workers

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29
Q

How many Eastern European migrants did the UK receive between 2004 and 2004?

A

600 000

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30
Q

What are two positive effects of polish immigrants in the UK?

A
  1. ) pay tax contributing towards the economy

2. ) money they earn is spent in the UK

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31
Q

What are two negative effects of polish immigrants in the UK?

A
  1. ) some work in the informal sector for cash with no tax

2. ) use the UK health and education services adding to pressure and costs

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32
Q

Name two places which has tourism in the UK?

A

The lake district and Blackpool

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33
Q

Where is the Lake District?

A

Cumbria - NE England

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34
Q

How many tourists go to the Lake District each year?

A

12 million

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35
Q

When did the lake district become a national park?

A

1951

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36
Q

Name four physical attractions in the Lake District?

A
  1. ) lakes
  2. ) glaciated scenery
  3. ) waterfalls
  4. ) mountains
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37
Q

Name three human attractions in the Lake District?

A
  1. ) Beatrix Potters house
  2. ) towns and villages
  3. ) historical buildings
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38
Q

What are three popular activities in the Lake District?

A
  1. ) walking
  2. ) climbing
  3. ) sailing
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39
Q

What are four negative impacts of tourism in the Lake District?

A
  1. ) congestion as 89% visitors come by car
  2. ) footpath erosion in honeypot sites
  3. ) pressure on property as 20% of houses are second homes increased property prices
  4. ) fast vehicles on lakes causes problems, wash erodes shore
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40
Q

What are three positive impacts of tourism in the Lake District?

A
  1. ) jobs created in tourism
  2. ) income from holiday accommodations
  3. ) farmers can diversify to make more money
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41
Q

How are the Lake District trying to manage the traffic?

A

Park and ride schemes to reduce cars

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42
Q

What is the managements strategy for footpaths and road sides in the lake district?

A

Roadsides fenced off so cars can’t damage verges, designated picnic areas, footpaths are repaired, fences off paths

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43
Q

How is the Lake District trying to control the environmental problems in the lake?

A

Speed limit on lake Windermere, reduces noise and wash on shore

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44
Q

What stage of the model is the Lake District in?

A

Consolidation

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45
Q

What stage of the model is Blackpool in?

A

Decline

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46
Q

Where is Blackpool?

A

NW English, Lancashire coast

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47
Q

What are four attractions in blackpool?

A
  1. ) typical seaside resort, sea and sand
  2. ) Blackpool tower
  3. ) tower ballroom
  4. ) Blackpool illuminations
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48
Q

What three reasons caused the tourism in Blackpool to grow in the 1960s?

A
  1. ) railway linked Blackpool and Manchester
  2. ) factory workers visited Blackpool on bank holidays
  3. ) paid annual holidays
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49
Q

How long have seaside resorts been declining for?

A

40 years

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50
Q

How many hotels and holiday flats closed in Blackpool?

A

1000 hotels ceased trading

300 holiday flats closed

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51
Q

How much have visitor numbers dropped in Blackpool?

A

From 17 million to 11 million

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52
Q

What are seven reasons which caused tourism to decline in Blackpool?

A
  1. ) unreliable summer weather
  2. ) beach and sea water pollution
  3. ) unemployment out of seasons
  4. ) families frightened off
  5. ) over crowding
  6. ) traffic jams
  7. ) cheap holidays abroad more appealing
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53
Q

What are seven management strategies to try and improve tourism in blackpool?

A
  1. ) smarten up tourist areas
  2. ) investment in Blackpool illuminations
  3. ) off season events
  4. ) all weather attractions
  5. ) pleasure beach and water world
  6. )beaches have been cleaned
  7. ) tried to get the super casino and failed
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54
Q

Where’s the case study for mass tourism?

A

Kenya

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55
Q

How many national parks and game reserves are in Kenya?

A

45

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56
Q

Why three reasons are there for the tourism increasing in Kenya?

A
  1. ) charter flights in the 1960s meant people could get there more easily
  2. ) government promoted tourism to tackle the unemployment and poverty
  3. ) didn’t have civil war like neighbouring countries
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57
Q

What are five physical attractions for mass tourism in Kenya?

A
  1. ) big five
  2. ) mountains - mount Kenya
  3. ) coasts
  4. ) coral reefs - over 240 species
  5. ) climate - warm
58
Q

What are seven human attractions for mass tourism in Kenya?

A
  1. ) safaris
  2. ) balloon safaris
  3. ) treks up the mountain
  4. ) visiting the local tribes - Masai Mara
  5. ) glass bottom boat trips to see the coral reefs
  6. ) colourful bazaars
  7. ) nice accomdation
59
Q

What are four benefit of mass tourism in Kenya?

A
  1. ) Kenya is poor and so relies on tourism
  2. ) provides jobs
  3. ) other sectors benefit - multiplier effect
  4. ) more surviving wildlife because of the national parks and game reserves
60
Q

How much money did mass tourism produce for Kenya in 2007?

A

1 billion

61
Q

How many jobs did mass tourism produce in 2007?

A

250 000

62
Q

What are six problems with mass tourism in Kenya?

A
  1. ) visitor numbers fluctuate
  2. ) boats drop anchors damaging coral reefs
  3. ) drivers leave tracks to get closer to animals, soil erosion
  4. ) wildlife numbers now decling
  5. ) Masai Mara driven off their land
  6. ) very little money benefits the Masia Mara tribes
63
Q

What are four strategies to cope with the mass tourism in Kenya?

A
  1. ) diversify tourist range - canoeing and rafting
  2. ) get better distribution reduce pressure on honey pots
  3. ) curb tourist numbers in over visited parks
  4. ) ecotourism
64
Q

How does Kenya aim to curb tourist numbers in over visited parks?

A

Doubling park entry fees and higher minimum prices on hotels

65
Q

Where is a place that has ecotourism?

A

Kenya - Masai Mara national reserve

66
Q

What is the ecotourism project in Kenya called and why was it set up?

A
  1. ) base camp project by local Masai people

2. ) although tourism brought economic benefits the local Masia Mara didn’t gain anything so ecotourism means they do

67
Q

What five things make ecotourism in Kenya socially sound?

A
  1. ) joint project with the people
  2. ) local people have control
  3. ) training and education for locals
  4. ) new health clinic set up
  5. ) water and power supplies which they didn’t have before
68
Q

What stage of the model is Kenya mass tourism in?

A

Consolidation

69
Q

What three things about ecotourism in Kenya make it economically sound?

A
  1. ) Masai Mara get a regular pay
  2. ) new jobs as tour guides
  3. ) souvenirs labels mean person who made it gets the money
70
Q

What four things about ecotourism in Kenya makes it environmentally sound?

A
  1. ) reforestation
  2. ) tourist accommodation have little impact on the environment
  3. ) tours are by foot reducing erosion
  4. ) projects protects wildlife
71
Q

Where is a place with an extreme environment and tourism?

A

Antarctica

72
Q

What stage of the model is Antarctica in?

A

Involvement

73
Q

What are six main facts about tourism in Antarctica?

A
  1. ) small scale tourism began in 1950s
  2. ) 40 000 tourists each year
  3. ) 100 companies involved
  4. ) arrive by cruise ships, no airports
  5. ) between mid November to mid march
  6. ) little space for tourism as 99% is covered in ice
74
Q

What are four attractions in Antarctica?

A
  1. ) magnificent scenery
  2. ) wildlife, penguins
  3. ) remoteness and extreme environment adds a sense of adventure
  4. ) good activities offered
75
Q

What activities are offered in Antarctica?

A

Walking, kayaking, skiing, climbing and helicopter flights

76
Q

What are five problems with tourism in Antarctica?

A
  1. ) disturbed birds can abandon eggs
  2. ) tourists trample slow growing fragile plants
  3. ) litter may be left
  4. ) size of tourism is increasing
  5. ) possible oil spills can harm wildlife
77
Q

What are three benefits of tourism in Antarctica?

A
  1. ) money contributes to conserving it
  2. ) visitors become advocates
  3. ) tourism has conserved important sites like Scott’s Hut
78
Q

What group protects Antarctica from tourism?

A

The internal association of Antarctica tour operators

79
Q

What are nine protective measures in place in Antarctica?

A
  1. ) groups of no more than 100
  2. ) can’t take away souvenirs
  3. ) can’t leave waste
  4. ) can’t go within 5m of wildlife
  5. ) can’t walk on lichens
  6. ) not allowed to specific sites of interest
  7. ) responsible tour operators
  8. ) no ship can land in Antarctica with more than 500 people on it
  9. ) a permit must be gained for any activities
80
Q

What is the case study for a UDC?

A

London docklands - LDDC

81
Q

What does LDDC stand for?

A

London docklands development corporation

82
Q

When did the London docklands begin?

A

From 1981

83
Q

What does UDC stand for?

A

Urban development corporation

84
Q

What are three economic successes of the LDDC?

A
  1. ) 1.9 billion in public sector investments and 7.7 billion in the private sector
  2. ) 85 000 people work there
  3. ) 2700 businesses there
85
Q

What are two social successes of the LDDC?

A
  1. ) 24 045 homes built

2. ) funding towards new schools

86
Q

What are three environmental success of LDDC?

A
  1. ) 144km new and improved roads
  2. ) docklands light railway way built
  3. ) 762 ha derelict land was reclaimed and made attractive
87
Q

What are four limited of the LDDC?

A
  1. ) jobs moved from other parts of Britain
  2. ) conflicts of interest between newcomers and original residents
  3. ) jobs didn’t match the skills of the local people
  4. ) house prices rose
88
Q

What are the two case studies for sustainable urban living?

A

BedZED and Curitiba

89
Q

What is the case study for sustainable urban living in a MEDC?

A

BedZED

90
Q

What is the case study for sustainable urban living in a LEDC?

A

Curitiba

91
Q

Where is BedZED?

A

Wallington, South London

92
Q

What does BedZED stand for ?

A

Beddington zero energy development

93
Q

When did people move into the first 100 homes in the BedZED?

A

2002

94
Q

What are seven strategies to reduce energy uses in BedZED?

A
  1. ) 10% typical UKs heating requirements
  2. ) 10% construction materials were from waste
  3. ) workspace for 100 people
  4. ) community facilities
  5. ) located in bus route
  6. ) 5 min from a train
  7. ) pay as you drive car scheme encourages only essential car use
95
Q

Where is Curritba and what is it to that country?

A

Brazil, capital city

96
Q

What is the plan for sustainable living in Curitiba called?

A

1968 Curitiba Master Plan

97
Q

What is the population in Curitiba ?

A

1.8 million

98
Q

What is Curitiba seen as a role model for?

A

For planning and sustainability in cities worldwide

99
Q

What are eight strategies for sustainable urban living on Curitiba?

A
  1. ) control urban sprawl
  2. ) reduce traffic in city centres
  3. ) develop public transport
  4. ) sustainability
  5. ) look after the environment
  6. ) ensuring a good quality of life
  7. ) persevere historic centre
  8. ) new policy to provide 50 000 homes for the Urban’s poorest
100
Q

What is the BRT I’m Curitiba?

A

The bus rapid transport system

101
Q

What special about the BRT being in Curritba?

A

First Brazilian city to have a dedicated bus lane

102
Q

What are four facts about the BRT system in curitiba?

A
  1. ) direct bus lanes which operate from key points
  2. ) speedy buses which operate on 5 main routes it the city
  3. ) inner district busses join up districts without crossing the city centre
  4. ) feeder mini buses which pick people up from residential areas
103
Q

Where is a place that is suffering from traffic problems?

A

The London congestion

104
Q

What are the six aims if the London congestion charge?

A
  1. ) discourage drivers using zones at peak times
  2. ) encourage the use of public transport
  3. ) reduce congestion
  4. ) reduce time spent in queues
  5. ) reduce pollution
  6. ) money from it is used to improve public transport
105
Q

What are four results of London congestion charge?

A
  1. ) traffic congestion, pollution and accidents has decreased
  2. ) increased investment in public transport
  3. ) bus services more reliable
  4. ) retail inside congestion charging zone has increased
106
Q

How much are drivers charged for driving into the congestion charge zone in London?

A

8 pounds

107
Q

When was the London congestion charge zone introduced?

A

2003

108
Q

How much are you fined for non payment in the London congestion zone?

A

60 - 180 pounds

109
Q

Who doesn’t have to pay and who gets a discount?

A

Taxis, emergency services and alternative fuel vehicles don’t have to pay
Residents get a discount

110
Q

Where is a place that is trying to rejuvenate its CBD?

A

Leeds

111
Q

What are nine strategies to rejuvenate Leeds?

A
  1. ) beautification, hanging baskets
  2. ) pedestrianisation
  3. ) attractive street furniture
  4. ) improves and attractive signage
  5. ) all weather shopping developments
  6. ) CCTV, crime reducing
  7. ) residential developments
  8. ) land scaping
  9. ) bus lane
112
Q

What’s the case study for sustainable communities?

A

New Islington

113
Q

Where is new Islington?

A

Manchester

114
Q

How long has the sustainable community been in new Islington for?

A

From 2003

115
Q

How does a sustainable community allow people to live?

A

With housing of an acceptable standard, access to jobs, education and health care and a reasonable quality of life

116
Q

What are three social success of the sustainable community in new Islington?

A
  1. ) primary school and play area
  2. ) health centre
  3. ) football pitch
117
Q

What are five environmental success about the sustainable community in new Islington?

A
  1. ) 300 new trees
  2. ) park and gardens
  3. ) orchards and a beach
  4. ) thermal energy is used
  5. ) recycling collection means 50% waste is collected
118
Q

What are four economic success of the sustainable community in new Islington?

A
  1. ) 66 houses, 200 ground floor apartments
  2. ) 10 new shops
  3. ) pubs, restaurants, cafés and bars
  4. ) metro link is within 10 mins of walking
119
Q

What is an example of a city challenge patnership?

A

Hulme

120
Q

Where is Hulme?

A

Manchester

121
Q

When did the city challenge partnership begin in Hulme?

A

From 1992

122
Q

What is the key to success for a city challenge partnership?

A

Views of the local people were taken into account

123
Q

What are two social success of the city challenge partnership in Hulme?

A
  1. ) friendly welcoming architecture

2. ) homes designed to conserve water and be energy efficient

124
Q

What are four environmental successes of the city challenge partnership in Hulme?

A
  1. ) varied accommodation for all sort of families
  2. ) old church was developed for facilities for dance and art
  3. ) schools built
  4. ) Hulme park play and sports area
125
Q

Where is the case study for segregation?

A

Leeds

126
Q

What are six solutions to the segregation in Leeds?

A
  1. ) improving literacy rates where English is the 2nd language
  2. ) increasing children achievements
  3. ) increasing employment
  4. ) increasing access to information and training
  5. ) increasing community involvement
  6. ) provided facilities for all sections of the communities to encourage meetings
127
Q

What are the two case studies for solving urban problems?

A

Cairo and Mexico City

128
Q

Where is Cairo?

A

Egypt

129
Q

What is the population of Cairo?

A

11 million estimates at 16 million

130
Q

What is bad with the traffic and what are the four solutions for it in Cairo?

A

There is bad congestion

  1. ) new ring road built to bypass the city centre
  2. ) Cairo metro is now used by 2 million commuters each day
  3. ) train services well organised and air conditions
  4. ) clean stations with TV
131
Q

How is Cairo solving its problem with waste?

A

The Zabaleen which are donkey carts collect the waste

132
Q

What is the solution to cope with sewage in Cairo?

A

Great Cairo Sewage Project, aims to repair cities damages sewers and extend the sewers to areas without as sewage is common on the streets here

133
Q

How many homes have been set up in the cities of the dead?

A

2 to 3 million

134
Q

What is the average living space in Cairo ?

A

2 metres squared

135
Q

What are three strategies to cope with the housing problems in Cairo?

A
  1. ) construct over 40 new satellite settlements which can house 15 million people
  2. ) loans and mortgages offered on good terms to attract residents
  3. ) new super highway provide links to Cairo
136
Q

What are the four main problems in Mexico City?

A
  1. ) bad traffic congestion which causes air pollution
  2. ) pollutants are easily trapped as it is in a mountain basin
  3. ) underground water supplies are being used up really quickly
  4. ) faces huge problems providing enough water
137
Q

How much has Mexico sunk over the last century?

A

7 metres

138
Q

Why doesn’t Mexico City deal with its environmental problems?

A

Human problems are too great so there is little money or time to deal with these problems, they have low priority

139
Q

Where is the case study for a squatter settlement?

A

São Paulo

140
Q

Where is São Paulo?

A

Brazil

141
Q

São Paulo is Brazils biggest city and how many people live in squatter settlements there?

A

2.5 million of the 18 million people there

142
Q

What is Brazils largest favela called and how many people live there?

A

Paraisoplois, 80 000

143
Q

What are seven improvements made to the paraisoplois?

A
  1. ) links to main service network in São Paulo have been improved
  2. ) piped water and electricity
  3. ) schools built
  4. ) housing market now exists
  5. ) many residents have low skilled jobs
  6. ) in 2008 Brazils biggest chain store opened
  7. ) businesses no longer have to pay to the criminal organisation in the slums

Geography (5 decks)

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