Tourism Flashcards
What are the economic factors of an increase in tourism?
- Increased disposable income
- Cheaper travel costs
- Stronger exchange rates and globalisation
What are the social and demographic factors of an increase in tourism?
- Changing lifestyles and work patterns
- Rising aspirations and social media influence
- Increased awareness of destinations
What are the technological factors of an increase in tourism?
- Advancements in transport
- Online booking and travel apps
- Virtual tourism and ‘VR’ experiences
What are the political factors of an increase in tourism?
- Relaxation of visa regulation
- Government investment in tourism
- Increased safety and stability
What are the environmental and cultural tourism growth factors of an increase in tourism?
- Rise of eco-tourism and sustainable travel
- Growth in cultural and heritage tourism
How is increased disposable income a factor increasing tourism?
→ Higher wages and economic growth have allowed people to afford leisure travel
→ The rise of the middle class, particularly in emerging economies like China and India, has boosted global tourism
How is cheaper travel costs a factor increasing tourism?
→ Budget airlines have reduced the cost of flying, making international travel more accessible
→ Increase competition among airlines and travel companies has driven prices down
How is stronger exchange rates and globalisation a factor increasing tourism?
→ Favourable exchange rates encourage tourists to travel to destinations where their currency has more purchasing power
→ The growth of multinational hotel chains and online booking platforms has made tourism more seamless
How is changing lifestyles and work patterns a factor increasing tourism?
→ More people now have paid holidays and flexible working hours
→ Retirement tourism is increasing as life expectancy rises
How is rising aspirations and social media influence a factor increasing tourism?
→ Travel is seen as a status symbol, with social media platforms like Instagram, Youtube and Tiktok inspiring people to visit new places
→ Influencers and travel bloggers create trends, leading to ‘instagrammable’ tourism (e.g. Bali, Santorini, Iceland)
How is increased awareness of destinations a factor increasing tourism?
→ TV shows, movies, and documentaries have sparked interest in eco-tourism and adventure travel
→ Tourism boards use aggressive marketing campaigns to attract visitors (e.g. Visit Dubai)
How is advancements in transport a factor increasing tourism?
→ Faster, more efficient aircraft (e.g. long-haul budget flights, larger and wide bodied aircraft like Airbus A380) have made travel quicker and cheaper
→ High-speed rail networks (e.g. Eurostar, China’s bullet trains) Provides fast, comfortable alternatives to flying
How is online booking and travel apps a factor increasing tourism?
→ The rise of platforms like booking.com, expedia, and airbnb has made planning trips easier and cheaper
→ Apps like google maps, uber, and tripadvisor enhance the travel experience
How is virtual tourism and ‘VR’ experiences a factor increasing tourism?
→ New technology allows tourists to explore destinations virtually before booking, increasing demand
How is relaxation of visa regulation a factor increasing tourism?
→ Some countries have introduced visa-free travel or e-visas to attract more tourists (e.g. Thailand, UAE)
→ The Schegan Agreement allows free movement within Europe (but not UK/IOM), encouraging cross-border tourism
How is government investment in tourism a factor increasing tourism?
→ Many governments actively promote tourism through infrastructure projects (e.g. airports, resorts, national parks)
→ Mega-events like the Olympics, World Cup, and Expo encourage tourism development
How is increased safety and stability a factor increasing tourism?
→ Declining conflict levels in many regions have made previously unsafe areas attractive for tourism (e.g. Colombia, Vietnam) - and the opposite (e.g. Afghanistan)
How is rise of eco-tourism and sustainable travel a factor increasing tourism?
→ Concerns about climate change have led to more demand for eco-friendly travel (e.g. costa Rica’s eco-lodges, safaris in Kenya)
→ National parks and conservation areas attract visitors seeking nature-based tourism
How is growth in cultural and heritage tourism a factor increasing tourism?
→ Tourists seek experiences beyond beaches, such as historical sites, UNESCO heritage locations, and cultural festivals (e.g. Machu Picchu, Angkor Wat, Venice Carnival)
→ Pilgrimage tourism is growing, with millions visiting sites like Mecca, the Vatican, and Varanasi
What are the positive economic impacts of tourism?
- Benefits to the economy (£37m from TT to IOM)
- Provides considerable tax revenue (jobs and corporate tax rates) for governments, can balance loan payments
- Provides rural employment, acts as a growth pole
- Support informal sector/small business jobs
What are the negative economic impacts of tourism?
- Economic leakages in LICs (remittances, foreign debts due to tourism, import of goods, foreign hotel/attraction complex owners)
- Location may become overdependent on tourism
- All inclusive guests spend all money in hotel – none towards local economy/small businesses
- Money borrowed for tourism development increases national debt
What are the positive social and cultural impacts of tourism?
- Greater understanding, blending and appreciation of different cultures
- Locals can develop language skills
- Facilities and resources develop
What are the negative social and cultural impacts of tourism?
- Traditional values and practices abandoned
- Displacement of locals for tourist activities
- Crime increase – drugs, alcoholism, crime, prostitution
- Loss of land for local communities – homelessness
- Visitor congestion
- Human rights breach:Burma; ethnic cleansing and people forced away from tourist areas to make room
- Resources imbalance:Tourists in Goa use 28x more electricity per person than locals – impinges on needs of locals
What are the positive environmental impacts of tourism?
- Landscaping and sensitive improvements work with the environment
- Tourist revenues fund protection schemes and designation/management of national forests/parks
- Isle of Man is a UNESCO Biosphere
What are the negative environmental impacts of tourism?
- Land lost to build hotels and attractions
- Noise pollution – drinking, road traffic, nightclubs
- Some golf courses use enough water for 5000 people per day, take land from local communities
- Bournemouth Beach 2020:litter and waste
- 2002:700,000 tonnes of CO2 released from flights from the UK to Cyprus alone
- Coral reefs:Belize and Costa Rica blast so that water sports is unhindered
