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Geog > Tourism > Flashcards

Tourism Flashcards

1
Q

Honeypot tourism (places of scenic beauty) (2)

A

Grand Canyon, a national park in the USA

Small limestone islands in Halong Bay, Vietnam

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2
Q

MICE tourism (places with good facilities) (2)

A

The Marina Bay Sands - Asia best MICE hotel in 2011 & 2012

Suntec convention centre

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3
Q

Medical tourism (places with good facilities)

A

South Korea, popular for those seeking cosmetic surgery

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4
Q

Theme parks (places with good facilities)

A

Walt Disney World, Florida, USA attracted 17 mil visitors in 2011

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5
Q

Heritage tourism (places with rich culture) (2)

A

The forbidden city, Beijing, China

Buckingham palace, London, UK

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6
Q

Film-induced tourism (places with rich culture)

A

The Lord of the RIngs film set, Matamata, New Zealand

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7
Q

Pilgrimage tourism (places with rich culture) (2)

A

Western wall, Jerusalem, Israel (Judaism)

The Kaaba, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (Islam)

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8
Q

Dark tourism (places of conflict) (2)

A

Auschwitz, Poland

Nanjing massacre memorial hall, Nanjing, China

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9
Q

Government (promoting tourism) (2)

A
  • Singapore tourism board
  • Encourages the development of new attractions, such as river safari and integrated resorts
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10
Q

International organisations (promoting tourism) (2)

A
  • World health organisation (WHO)
  • Provided situation updates on Asian influenza (H5N1) from 2003 to 2013
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11
Q

Media (promoting tourism) (2)

A
  • Television, radio, newspapers, the internet
  • Tourists now aware of treks in the Himalayas Mountains, visits to Antarctica, long-distance cruises
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12
Q

Mass tourism (forms of tourism)

A

Since the 1970s, package tourism a major form of tourism

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13
Q

Niche tourism (forms of tourism) (2)

A
  • Whale-watching in Hawaii
  • Whitewater rafting and bungee jumping in NEw Zealand
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14
Q

Ecotourism (forms of tourism)

A

Waitomo Caves in New Zealand

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15
Q

Better and affordable transport (developments in technology) (3)

A
  • Budget airlines rapidly expanded within Europe, North and South America, and Southeast Asia since 1980s
  • E.g. Jetstar Asia and AirAsia
  • enabled travellers to go to Bhutan, Pacific islands, northern Thailand
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16
Q

Ease of access to info (developments in technology) (2)

A
  • online booking and research
  • surveillance, electronic checks and other safety controls research
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17
Q

Disposable income (demand factors)

A

Countries such as China and India have experienced rapid economic growth, growing number in middle/high income groups

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18
Q

Leisure time (demand factors) (2)

A
  • Since 1950s, shorter working weeks, more public holidays
  • In Australia, employees can exchange paid overtime work for leave, increased longer weekend breaks
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19
Q

Changing lifestyle (demand factors)

A

In Australia, group of retirees called the grey nomads spend much time travelling in mobile homes to explore parts of the country

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20
Q

Attractions (destination factors)

A

Dubai, United Arab Emirates, major destination between Europe and Asia, >15mil visitors in 2017

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21
Q

Investment in infrastructure & services (destination factors)

A

Changi Airport terminal 4, which opened in October 2017, raised capacity from 73mil in 2013 to 82 mil

22
Q

Access to information (destination factors) (3)

A
  • Transport routes and schedules
  • Weather conditions
  • Available accommodation
23
Q

Disasters (why tourism fluctuates)

A

In March 2011, severe EQ and tsunami caused a nuclear meltdown in Tohoku, Japan. Tourist arrivals fell sharply in the month the EQ occurred

24
Q

Regional recessions (why tourism fluctuates) (3)

A
  • European sovereign debt crisis
  • Started in 2010 when Greece was unable to repay its debt
  • collapse of businesses and financial institutions, massive unemployment
25
Q

Global recessions (why tourism fluctuates) (3)

A
  • Global financial crisis
  • Started when world’s largest financial firms went bankrupt in 2007 and 2008
  • Many economies around the world slowed down or shrank
26
Q

Political situations (why tourism fluctuates)

A

Tourist arrivals in Egypt fell from a peak of 14.7mil tourists in 2010 to 9.8mil in 2011 as it was hit by the Arab Spring Uprising

27
Q

Diseases (why tourism fluctuates)

A

During SARS outbreak in 2003, hotel occupancy in Hong Kong dropped from 82% to 15%

28
Q

Employment opportunities (economic impact)

A

In 2011, estimated over 235mil people employed by tourism industry, which is 6-8% of all jobs in the world

29
Q

Growth in income (economic impact) (2)

A
  • Fishermen on Pamilacan island, Philippines take tourists swimming with whale sharks and are paid US$80-100, a significant amount for average Filipino fisherman
  • Limitation: due to leakage, only 6% of revenue generated in Phuket goes to the Phuket economy
30
Q

Development in infrastructure and facilities (economic impact) (3)

A
  • Athens, Greece and Beijing, China,
  • Underground rail systems expanded to move large numbers of tourists during Summer Olympic Games in 2004 and 2008,
  • Continues to serve locals and tourists
31
Q

Seasonal unemployment (economic impact) (3)

A
  • In Sapporo, Japan, large number of visitors from Dec to Feb for Winter sports,
  • Mountain ski resort operators need to employ more people during winter.
  • Other times of the year, those employed in tourism industry have to find other sources of income
32
Q

Under-use of facilities at certain times of the year (economic impact)

A

Some venues built for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China reported to be deteriorating a few years after Olympics

33
Q

Shortage of services (economic impacts)

A
  • large amounts of water required to water the grass on gold courses or fill swimming pools
  • drinking water for nearby residents diverted to meet the needs of tourist infrastructure
34
Q

Preservation of local customs and heritage (socio-cultural impacts)

A

Entry fees to Great pyramids of Giza, Egypt used to fund conservation efforts

35
Q

Dilution of local customs and heritage (socio-cultural impacts)

A
  • Tourists have to pay a heft fee to enter the village of the Kayan Lawhi women, Thailand
  • This causes tourists to treat the women as exhibits
36
Q

Increased crime (socio-cultural impacts)

A

In London, UK, in 2010, Japanese tourists were approached by a woman pretending to be a tourist, her accomplices pose as police officers and request for the tourists’ credit cards

37
Q

Conservation of natural environments (environmental impacts)

A

In Kenya’s nature reserves, a lion can generate US$70K a year while a herd of elephants US$600k

38
Q

Vandalism (environmental impacts)

A

The Great Wall of China, which is visited by 10mil tourists annually, are covered in graffiti

39
Q

Littering and pollution (environmental impacts)

A

Solid and liquid waste dumped into the Caribbean Sea by ships, causing pollution

40
Q

Destruction of habitats (environmental impacts)

A

Egypt’s Red Sea coast receives 1.2mil tourists annually. Habitats of coral reefs damaged by swimmers

41
Q

Carbon footprint (environmental impact)

A

Carbon footprint of a one-way flight from Singapore to KL, Malaysia is 30kg per passenger

42
Q

Increased congestion (environmental impact)

A

In Rome, Italy, many older walkways and narrow streets are filled with tourists

43
Q

Sustainable tourism (3)

A
  • training locals to perform skilled tourism jobs
  • developing homestay accommodations
  • promoting local food and drink in restaurants
44
Q

Tourists and locals (tensions) (2)

A
  • Bali, Indonesia
  • many locals object to PDA, which some tourists perceive as acceptable
45
Q

Tourists and the environment (tensions)

A
  • Machu Picchu, Peru
  • ‘Inca Trail’ being eroded by 75K tourists that hike on it, and leave behind rubbish
46
Q

Local communities (promoting sustainable tourism)

A

Villagers of Candirejo village, Indonesia set up a cooperative in 2003, with support from government

47
Q

Visitors (promoting sustainable tourism)

A

In 2007, Tourism Sustainability Group encouraged tourists to select holiday destinations based on conservation efforts of the place

48
Q

Tour operators (promoting sustainable tourism)

A
49
Q

Planning authorities (promoting sustainable tourism)

A

Singapore Tourism Board implemented enhancements to cultural zones of Chinatown, Kampung Glam and Little India

50
Q

Non-governmental organisations (promoting sustainable tourism)

A

Since 1990, The International Ecotourism Society has developed guidelines, conducted training courses related to tourism and environment

Geog (4 decks)

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