totally rejecting liberalism (DONE) Flashcards
A force which acts to stop the progress of something or make it slower
resistance
Having a good reason for something
justified
What are the 4 values of classical liberalism?
- Personal Freedom
- Limited government
- Equality of rights
- Consent of the governed
karl Marx believed what?
that through revolution people could move closer to a state of society called communism.
According to Karl Marx what is communism?
Communism is a classless society in which all people share in the production of goods and no government is needed.
founding values of communism
collective ownership of the means of production
the elimination of private property and economic equality
What is one way communism differs from democratic socialism?
communism promotes revolutionary change rather than gradual change within a liberal democracy.
What rights did russian ppl lack in the 1800s?
basic rights that people in liberal democracies like France or The U.S had.
Who had complete control over russia during the 1800s
THE CZAR
What happened in 1861 under Czar?
He freed the serfs and began making liberal reforms
what is reform?
changes or improvements made to laws, policies or systems to fix problems.
What is an example of a reform by Czar?
Abolished capital punishment and created local governments with class representation.
Why did the radical group kill Czar?
Thought that his reforms were slow and wanted a faster change
What was the goal of communism in the 20th century theory?
To overthrow the wealthy and create a classles eqaul society.
what did communist believe about private property?
that it should be abolished
what is the Socialist Democratic labour party? (SDLP)?
a marxist political group formed in 1898 that was banned by the czar and forced into exile.
What was the bloody sunday in 1905?
protesters marched to Czar Nichola’s II palace for food and better conditions, soldiers killed many.
what impact did Bloody sunday leave on Russia?
sparked mass strikeds, creation of the St. Petersnurg Soviet, and lead to the October Manifesto granting civil rights.
What did the october manifesto promise?
civil rights, freedom of speech and religion and the creation of political parties.
what did the 1905 revolution lead to in the long run?
increased long support for socialism and helped set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolution and the rise of communism
what slogan did lenin and the Bolksheviks use to gain support?
” peace, land, bread”
who led the bolshevik revolution in oct 1917?
Vladimir lenin and leon trotsky
what is leninism?
lenin’s ver of communism, based n karl marx ideas but with belief in a stromh communist government and use of revolution.
what’s red terror?
campaign led by lenin to eliminate political opponents through torture and execution
2 groups fought in the russian civil war?
Bolshevik Red army & Anti- Bolshevik White Amry
wchich countires supported the white army?
US. Canada, france, and britain
positive changes under lenin’s rule?
Land was given to ppl, factories were controlled by workers, gernder equality imporved.
What were stalin’s main goals as a leader of the soviet union?
to gain control, reject liberal values, and industrialize the USSR.
what were stalin’s opressive policies?
- the gulag prison camps
- secret popo (NKVD)
- purges
- altering the soviet archives and prescribing a state view of the history of the country.
- forced industriliazation
- collectivization of all farms
What’s the Holodomor?
A famine in Ukraine 1932-33 caused by Stalin’s collectivization- leading to millions of death
who led the USSR in the 1980s and embraced liberal values?
Mikhail Gorbachev
Gorbachev’s two major reforms?
Glassnot (openess) and Perestroika ( economic restructing)
what changes did Mikhail introduce?
Moves towards a market economy, private ownership, and some democratic reforms
Political ideas of facism
- cult of the leader and elite rule
- extreme nationalism
- organized violence and war and military force
- it is in the country’s national interest to expand its territory.
Economic ideas of Fascism:
- government- directed private enterprise economy to serve the needs and interest of the state.
- anti-union/anti-wokrer’s rights
social ideas of fascism:
- ineqaulities between individual and groups of people
- racial purity
racial or national superiority - national strength more important than individual rights.
first leader to use the term fascism?
Benito Mussolini (DICTATOR)
where does the word fascism come from?
from the italian word fascio and latin word fasces, roman symbol of power.
what political and economic systems did fascism reject?
liberal democracy and communsim
what is a key belief of fascism about society?
that society should work together for a shared national purpose, like rebuilding the country.
what do fascist believe about the nation’s role in the world?
their nation should dominate other nation through power and discipline/
how do fascist view ethinic and cultural groups/
focus on group distinctions and oftern promote the superiority of one group over others.
what do fascist think is needed to achieve national domination?
discipline, obedience, and all powerful state.
What is social Darwinism?
belief that some groups or individauls succeed over others because they are stronger or fitter
how was Darwinsim used in the 1800s?
to support beliefs like laisses-faire capitalism and political conservatism.
what did social darwinists say about social reform?
believed reform interfered with the natural order and justifies class divisions as “natural”
what is eugenics?
belief in improving the human race throguh selective breeding or even genocide.
what traits did eugenicist want to promote or discourage?
Promote traits like intelligence and athleticsim: discourage traits like illness or disability.
how did fascist use social Darwinism and eugenics?
to justify discrimination, violence, and creating a strong, dominant nation state.
what idea from social Darwinism motivated fascist policy?
“survival of the fittest” - the belief that nations must gith to survive.
When was Germanu unified into one country?
in 1871 by Otto von Bismarck
what government did germany have after world war I?
the weimar republic
what was the treaty of versailles?
a peace treaty that ended world war 1, imposing harsh terms on Germany
what did the treay of versailles have germany do?
accept reponsibility for the war, give up territory and pay reparations.
how many clauses of the treaty of versailles targeted germany?
414 of 440 claues were aimed at punishing germany
what economic problem did germany face after the treaty of versailles?
Germany was broke, couldnt pay reparations and stopped paying in 1923/.
what caused the german mark to lose its value in the early 1920s?
the german government irresponsibly printed massive amounts of money
what was the result of hyperinflation in Germany during the 1920s?
Prices drastically increased while the value of the makr plummeted/
Primary economic problems in Germany during the WEimar Republic?
hyperinflation, massive unemployment, and alarge drop in living standards.
how did the great depression affect germany?
it caused a worldwide recesssion and germany, which depended on american loans was hit hard.
hoe did fear of commisnisn influence Germany’s politics?
Many business owners and landowenrs feared a communist revolution
what did many germans begin to question in the 1930s
whether liberal values and practices could solve thier economic and political problems
what was hitler’s fascism called?1
nazism
what did hitler believe about race?
he believed in the superiority of the Aryan race and considered other races inferior
spacegoats in Nazi Germany?
Jewish ppl, communist, and the Weimar government
what gorups did hitler and the Nazis executed?
jewish, roma, people qtih disabilities, homosexuals, communist, feminist groups. and democratic socialist.
whats the Nuremberg Laws of 1935?
Laws that defined who was considered Jewish and aimed to “Pure Aryan” Germans.
What’s Kristallnacht?
violent riot on nov 9-10 1938, nazos attacked jewish businesses, homes and synagogues.
How did Nazism reject liberal values?
By creating a dictatoship that limited freedoms, where the state was prioritized over individual rights.
