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[2S] CC LAB > total protein & albumin > Flashcards

total protein & albumin Flashcards

1
Q

The term “protein” was derived from “______,” meaning _________.

A

Proteis - first rank of importance

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2
Q

elements that make up proteins

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur (CHONS)

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3
Q

element that distinguishes proteins from other macromolecules

A

Nitrogen

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4
Q

OOO: Element in Proteins
1 Carbon
2 Hydrogen
3 Nitrogen
4 Phosphorus

A

4

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5
Q

T/F Proteins can only carry a positive charge.

A

F – Proteins are amphoteric (carry both positive and negative charges)

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6
Q

Proteins are synthesized mainly by the __________ and secreted by its cells into the circulation.

A

Liver (hepatocytes)

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7
Q

T/F Immunoglobulins are produced by hepatocytes in the liver.

A

F - produced in lymphatic tissue

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8
Q

basic structural unit of proteins

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

pH range of proteins

A

5.5 to 8.0

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10
Q

explain isoelectric point

A

pH at which a protein has no net charge

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11
Q

if pH is greater than the isoelectric point of a protein, protein will have a ____________?

A

net negative charge

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12
Q

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

Proteins help repair body tissues primarily through the help of _________ and enzymes

A

Cytokines

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14
Q

OOO: Protein Functions
A) Repair body tissues
B) Transport metabolic substances
C) Decrease blood pH
D) Serve as biocatalysts

A

C) Decrease blood pH

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15
Q

In hemostasis, it acts to form a clot when activated by thrombin.

A

fibrinogen

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16
Q

examples of proteins that contribute to the structure of cells and tissues

A

Collagen, elastin, and keratin

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17
Q

Select: Roles of Protein
A) Maintaining acid-base balance
B) Carrying oxygen through the bloodstream
C) Serving as buffers
D) Acting as biocatalysts (enzymes)

A

ABCD

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18
Q

OOO: Function of proteins
A Repair body tissues
B Aid in digestion of fats
C Transport metabolic substances
D Maintain acid-base balance

A

B

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19
Q

Three primary functions of proteins in plasma

A

Maintenance of oncotic pressure
Transport of small molecules
Promoting/inhibiting inflammatory actions

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20
Q

major proteins in plasma that contribute to the electrophoretic pattern

A

albumin, α1 antitrypsin, α2 macroglobulin,
haptoglobin, β lipoprotein, transferrin, C3 complement, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulins

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21
Q

OOO: Quantitating and fractionating proteins

A Turbidimetry
B Absorption spectrophotometry
C Liquid chromatography
D Dye binding

A

Liquid chromatography

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22
Q

T/F Proteins contain approximately 60% nitrogen, which is measured to assess levels of total proteins

A

T

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23
Q

notable method used for assessing nitrogen content in protein

A

Kjeldahl method

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24
Q

two enzymes that are examples of transaminases found in the body

A

AST (Aspartate transaminase) and ALT (Alanine transaminase)

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25
Q

OOO: Related enzymes in protein function for diagnostic tests

AST
LDH
Hemoglobin
Alkaline phosphatase

A

Hgb

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26
Q

T/F Total protein testing can be used to assess the liver’s synthetic function

A

T

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27
Q

two proteins most frequently analyzed in plasma

A

Albumin and Globulins

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28
Q

technique that separates proteins based on their migration towards an electric charge

A

Protein electrophoresis

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29
Q

main types of globulins in plasma, each with distinct roles

A

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma globulins

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30
Q

main protein that maintains osmotic pressure in the blood

A

albumin

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31
Q

primary function of albumin

A

maintains osmotic pressure and transports various substances in the blood

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32
Q

plasma protein fraction that migrates faster than albumin towards the anode in electrophoresis

A

pre-albumin

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33
Q

t/f Pre-albumin is mainly used to assess the body’s nutritional status

A

t

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34
Q

what is α1 fetoprotein, and what does elevated levels in adults indicate

A

principal fetal protein; elevated levels may indicate liver cancer or other malignancies

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35
Q

T/F Alpha-1 lipoprotein transports LDL cholesterol in the blood

A

HDL

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36
Q

protein in the Alpha-1 group wc is a marker for spina bifida in prenatal testing

A

a1 fetoprotein

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37
Q

GC globulin transports ____ and binds ____.

A

vitamin D ; actin

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38
Q

alpha-2 globulin that binds hemoglobin released from red blood cells

A

haptoglobin

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39
Q

t/f Haptoglobin has three types: Type 1-1, Type 2-1, and Type 2-2.

A

t

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40
Q

plasma protein deficiency is associated with Wilson’s disease

A

ceruloplasmin

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41
Q

copper-containing protein and a marker for copper metabolism disorders.

A

ceruloplasmin

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42
Q

what are the proteins in the beta-globulin fraction primarily involved in

A

transport of lipids, iron, and immune responses

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43
Q

which beta-globulin protein transports iron in the blood

A

transferrin

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44
Q

part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and can indicate immune system activity

A

Beta-2 microglobulin

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45
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP) indicates _____ when elevated

A

acute inflammation / infection

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46
Q

T/F CRP is part of the beta-globulin fraction and promotes phagocytosis.

A

t

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47
Q

main role of gamma globulins

A

function as antibodies, playing a key role in immune defense

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48
Q

most abundant antibody in the blood and provides long-term immunity.

A

IgG

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49
Q

presence of IgM typically indicates ____

A

recent / early stage infection

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50
Q

Select: immunoglobulins typically associated with allergic responses

IgG
IgE
IgM
IgA

A

IgE

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51
Q

T/F IgA is mainly found in secretions such as saliva and mucus, providing local immunity.

A

T

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52
Q

which immunoglobulin is typically elevated during parasitic infections

A

IgE

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53
Q

OOO: Alpha-2 globulin group

Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
Albumin

A

Albumin

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54
Q

immunoglobulin that acts as a receptor on the surface of B cells, involved in initiating immune responses.

A

IgD

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55
Q

T/F Beta globulin C3 and C4 complement proteins are part of the immune response system.

A

T

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56
Q

principle behind Kjeldahl method for protein measurement

A

Digestion of protein and measurement of nitrogen content, assuming an average nitrogen content of 16%

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57
Q

T/F The Kjeldahl method is used frequently in clinical labs because it’s fast and easy.

A

F - time-consuming and not typically used for routine testing

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58
Q

reference method for protein measurement.

A

Kjeldahl method

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59
Q

first reaction step in the Kjeldahl method

A

conversion of nitrogen to ammonia (Kjeldahlization)

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60
Q

T/F refractometry is used for highly precise measurement of urine protein levels

A

F - not used for urine protein measurement due to excess solutes in relation to protein

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61
Q

what does refractometry measure in protein analysis

A

refractive index due to solutes in serum

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62
Q

Refractometry is highly accurate for protein levels above ____ but is not used for urine protein measurement.

A

2.5 g/dL

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63
Q

Name two common errors or interferences in refractometry

A

Lipemia, hemolysis, azotemia, and icterus

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64
Q

method that uses the formation of a violet-colored chelate for protein measurement

A

Biuret method

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65
Q

T/F The Biuret method is the most widely used protein analysis method and is recommended by the IFCC

A

T

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66
Q

In the Biuret reaction, the color intensity ___________ (color) indicates protein concentration.

A

reddish violet or pink

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67
Q

wavelength used to measure the Biuret reaction in protein analysis

A

540 nm

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68
Q

main components of the Biuret reaction wc break peptide bonds

A

Cupric ions

69
Q

main components of the Biuret reaction

A

Cupric ions
Sodium tartrate
Potassium iodide

70
Q

main components of the Biuret reaction wc prevents precipitation by keeping copper in solution

A

Sodium tartrate

71
Q

main components of the Biuret reaction wc acts as an antioxidant and stabilizes cupric ions

A

Potassium iodide

72
Q

A positive Biuret test results in a ___ color solution, while ____ indicates negative

A

purple - posi
blue - nega

73
Q

method that uses protein binding to cause a spectral shift in absorbance

A

Dye-binding method

74
Q

List at least two dyes used in the dye-binding method for protein analysis

A

Bromophenol blue, Ponceau S, Amido black 10B, Lissamine green, and Coomassie brilliant blue

75
Q

T/F Dye-binding method relies on the ability of proteins to bind dyes, causing a measurable absorbance change.

A

T

76
Q

what is the Nesler’s reaction used for in the Kjeldahl method

A

measure ammonia by producing a yellow solution (ammonium dimercuric iodide)

77
Q

color change in Berthelot’s reaction for ammonia measurement

A

Formation of a blue color called indophenol blue

78
Q

in protein measurement, what do hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus potentially affect

A

interfere with refractometry measurements

79
Q

method that assumes that no proteins are lost in the precipitation step

A

Kjeldahl method

80
Q

T/F Biuret method requires proteins to contain two or more peptide bonds to form a colored complex

A

T

81
Q

reagent in the Kjeldahl method that reacts with ammonia to form ammonium dimercuric iodide

A

Nessler’s reagent

82
Q

presence of a purple color in a Biuret test indicate ?

A

Presence of proteins with at least two peptide bonds

83
Q

acts as an antioxidant and stabilizes cupric ions in the Biuret reaction

A

potassium iodide

84
Q

T/F The Biuret test is highly specific for peptides and proteins due to the interaction of cupric ions with peptide bonds

A

T

85
Q

some common applications of the Biuret method in clinical settings

A

measurement of total protein in serum and plasma, commonly used in automated analyzers.

86
Q

T/F The Biuret reaction is colorimetric and sensitive to minimal amounts of protein (down to 10–15 mg/dL).

A

T

87
Q

dye in the dye-binding method is known for its high affinity for protein and strong color change

A

Coomassie brilliant blue

88
Q

T/F Only proteins with low molecular weight can be measured by the Biuret method

A

False - measure proteins regardless of molecular weight if they have two or more peptide bonds

89
Q

What type of test is total protein analysis: fasting or non-fasting?

A

Non-fasting

90
Q

T/F hemolyzed sample will lead to a falsely decreased result in total protein analysis

A

F - falsely elevated

91
Q

T/F Total protein concentration is higher in plasma than in serum due to the presence of fibrinogen.

A

T

92
Q

Select: Lead to erroneous results in total protein analysis

A) Hemolysis
B) Lipemia
C) Fibrinogen presence in plasma
D) Improper labeling of tubes

A

A B D

93
Q

By how much does fibrinogen increase total protein concentration in plasma compared to serum?

A

0.2-0.4 g/dL (2-4 g/L)

94
Q

OOO: Items needed for total protein analysis
A) Serological pipet
B) Total Protein Reagent Kit
C) Refractometer
D) Spectrophotometer

A

C

95
Q

T/F Total Protein Reagent Kit includes sodium hydroxide, potassium sodium tartrate, copper sulfate, and sodium azide.

A

F - kit includes sodium hydroxide, potassium sodium tartrate, copper sulfate, and potassium iodide; sodium azide is used in the standard for stability.

96
Q

protein concentration of the standard used in total protein analysis

A

8 g/dL (80 g/L)

97
Q

Select: Components of the Total Protein Reagent Kit

A) Potassium iodide
B) Sodium hydroxide
C) Protein standard
D) Copper sulfate

A

A B D

98
Q

T/F For the pipetting scheme, the tip of the pipet should touch only the sides of the tube when delivering the sample.

A

bottom

99
Q

OOO: Total protein analysis procedure
A) Incubate for 10 minutes
B) Shake the test tube vigorously
C) Measure absorbance within 30 minutes
D) Invert tube 2-3 times

A

B

100
Q

T/F wavelength required for total protein analysis is between 400-450 nm

A

520-580 nm

101
Q

required temperature for total protein analysis

A

37 C

102
Q

Select: Total protein analysis pipetting scheme
A) Wavelength of 520-580 nm
B) Temperature of 25°C
C) Optical path of 1 cm
D) Reading against a reagent blank

A

A C D

103
Q

The optical path length for total protein analysis is _ cm.

A

1 cm

104
Q

normal reference range for serum total protein

A

6.5-8.3 g/dL (65-83 g/L)

105
Q

OOO: Conditions typically associated with elevated total protein levels

A) Dehydration
B) Chronic inflammation
C) Malnutrition
D) Multiple myeloma

A

C

106
Q

Select: Conditions indicated with low serum total protein levels
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Overhydration
C) Dehydration
D) Malabsorption

A

A B D

107
Q

T/F A serum total protein value above 8.3 g/dL may indicate hepatic insufficiency.

A

Elevated levels may indicate dehydration, chronic inflammation, or multiple myeloma; hepatic insufficiency may lead to low protein levels

108
Q

What is the reference range for the pathologic control in serum total protein analysis?

A

4.43-5.63 g/dL

109
Q

major protein found in plasma with the highest concentration

A

Albumin

110
Q

T/F Albumin is synthesized in the kidneys

A

F - liver

111
Q

how many grams of albumin are synthesized per day

A

9-12 g/day

112
Q

Select: Substances transported by albumin in the blood
A) Thyroid hormones
B) Unconjugated bilirubin
C) Calcium
D) Sodium
E) Magnesium ions

A

A B C E

113
Q

T/F Albumin primarily helps maintain blood viscosity and is not involved in osmotic pressure.

A

False - albumin’s primary role is to maintain oncotic pressure, contributing to osmotic pressure.

114
Q

What percentage of colloid osmotic pressure in the intravascular fluid is maintained by albumin?

A

80%

115
Q

Select: Albumin aids in the diagnosis of

A) Protein loss due to GI issues
B) Hepatic insufficiency
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Respiratory infections

A

A B C

116
Q

T/F Albumin levels are highest in active nephrotic syndrome.

A

F - lowest

117
Q

OOO: Associated with low plasma albumin levels
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Chronic inflammation
C) Malnutrition
D) Hydration

A

D

118
Q

term that describes albumin’s decreased level in response to acute inflammation

A

Negative acute phase reactant

119
Q

albumin’s primary function in the body

A

Maintenance of oncotic pressure and transport of various compounds

120
Q

T/F The detection of high albumin levels is clinically significant in diagnosing dehydration.

A

F - High albumin levels do not provide clinical significance unless associated with dehydration or excessive albumin infusion.

121
Q

T/F Albumin can be analyzed through dye binding where the dye binds to globulins.

A

F - binds to albumins

122
Q

dye commonly used for albumin binding in the dye binding method?

A

Bromocresol green (BCG)

123
Q

OOO: Dye binding method for albumin analysis
A) Dye binds to albumin forming a colored complex
B) Bromocresol green is used
C) Albumin concentration is unaffected by pH adjustments
D) Absorbance of the complex is measured

A

C

124
Q

T/F Albumin must be negatively charged to bind to the dye in the dye binding method.

A

F - positively charged to bind to the anionic dye

125
Q

In the salt precipitation method, which component is measured in the supernatant?

A

Albumin

126
Q

T/F In electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on their ____ and _____

A

size and electric charge

127
Q

Select: Factors that affect the speed of electrophoresis

A) Charge density
B) Size and shape of the molecule
C) pH of the solution
D) Electric field strength
E) Temperature

A

A B D E

128
Q

Select: Support media for electrophoresis in albumin analysis

A) Cellulose acetate
B) Agarose gel
C) Polyacrylamide
D) Glass slides

A

A B

129
Q

T/F Albumin has the largest band in electrophoresis, followed by alpha, beta, and gamma globulins.

A

T

130
Q

Select: Migrates towards the anode during electrophoresis

A) Albumin
B) Alpha-1 globulins
C) Beta-globulins
D) Gamma-globulins

A

A

131
Q

Select: Abnormalities identified through electrophoresis

A) Monoclonal gammopathy
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Chronic inflammation
D) Hypogammaglobulinemia
E) Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

A B C D E

132
Q

condition characterized by the absence of gamma globulins

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia

133
Q

condition characterized by the absence of gamma globulins?

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia

134
Q

In nephrotic syndrome, the concentration of albumin is __________, while alpha-2 macroglobulin is __________.

A

low, high

135
Q

T/F In nephrotic syndrome, albumin is lost in the urine due to impaired glomerular function.

A

T

136
Q

Which protein fraction is typically absent in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

A) Alpha-1 globulin

137
Q

Which protein fraction is increased in cases of acute inflammation?

A

Alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins

138
Q

After protein separation in electrophoresis, in what type of solution are protein fractions immersed before staining?

A

acid solution

139
Q

OOO: High-resolution protein electrophoresis component
A) Higher voltage
B) Cooling system
C) Coomassie blue dye
D) Concentrated buffer

A

C

140
Q

Select: Dyes used in the dye-binding method for albumin determination
A) Metal orange
B) HABA
C) Bromocresol green
D) Bromocresol purple

A

A B C D

141
Q

T/F HABA is a highly sensitive dye but lacks specificity for albumin.

A

F - low sensitivity, but more specific for albumin

142
Q

Which dye is known for high sensitivity but may overestimate low albumin levels?

A

Bromocresol green (BCG)

143
Q

Bromocresol green is the most commonly used dye for albumin determination because it is sensitive and __________ by bilirubin and salicylates.

A

not affected

144
Q

T/F Bromocresol purple is less precise than BCG in albumin analysis.

A

F - Bromocresol purple is specific, sensitive, and precise and is more preferred than BCG

145
Q

Select: Dyes nonspecific for albumin
A) Methyl orange
B) Bromocresol green
C) Bromocresol purple
D) HABA

A

A

146
Q

Select: Interfere with HABA dye in albumin analysis

A) Bilirubin
B) Salicylates
C) Sulfonamides
D) Penicillin

A

A B C D

147
Q

T/F Hemoglobin can bind to BCG dye, causing an increase in total protein measurement by 1.0 g/dL

A

F - Hemoglobin can bind to BCG, leading to an increase equivalent to 0.1 g/dL

148
Q

dye used in albumin analysis is more specific and less affected by bilirubin interference compared to others

A

Bromocresol purple

149
Q

T/F Bromocresol purple is not affected by bilirubin interference.

A

f - affected pren nmn masless lng

150
Q

Electrophoresis is used primarily when an __________ is found in the protein or albumin.

A

abnormality

151
Q

T/F Albumin levels are measured using a wavelength of 520 nm.

A

F - 620 nm

152
Q

The standard albumin concentration is _______ g/dL (_______ g/L).

A

3.5 g/dl (35 g/L)

153
Q

Select: Albumin Reagent Kit
A) Succinate buffer (pH 4.2)
B) Bromcresol green
C) Sodium hydroxide
D) Surfactant

A

A B D

154
Q

T/F The albumin reagent kit contains sodium azide for the stability of the protein.

A

T

155
Q

How long should the incubation time be for albumin analysis?

A

5 mins

156
Q

The pipetting scheme for albumin analysis requires the optical path to be ______ cm.

A

1 cm

157
Q

T/F False (The solution should be mixed by inverting the test tube 2-3 times.)

A

F- inverting the test tube 2-3 times

158
Q

OOO: Albumin analysis procedure
A) Labeling the tubes
B) Measuring absorbance within 15 minutes
C) Using a centrifuge to separate serum
D) Covering the tube with parafilm

A

C

159
Q

T/F The albumin analysis is performed at a temperature of 25°C.

A

37 C

160
Q

The reference range for albumin is _______ to _______ g/dL (______ to ______ g/L).

A

3.5 - 5.5 g/dL (35 - 55 g/L)

161
Q

T/F Prolonged tourniquet application can lead to decreased albumin levels.

A

F - increased albumin levels due to hemoconcentration

162
Q

OOO: Increased albumin levels
A) Dehydration
B) Chronic inflammation
C) Prolonged tourniquet application
D) Liver disease

A

D

163
Q

Select: Elevated albumin levels
A) Chronic inflammation
B) Dehydration
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Prolonged tourniquet application

A

B D

164
Q

Globulin is computed using the formula: Total protein – _______ = Globulin.

A

Albumin

165
Q

The normal value for globulin is ___ to ___ g/dl (____ to ____ g/L).

A

1.5 to 4.5 g/dL (15.0 to 45.0 g/L)

166
Q

normal A/G ratio

A

1.3 – 3.0

167
Q

OOO: Inverted A/G ratio
A) Cirrhosis
B) Multiple myeloma
C) Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
D) Dehydration

A

D

168
Q

T/F An inverted A/G ratio is indicative of dehydration.

A

F - associated with cirrhosis, multiple myeloma, and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

169
Q

Disalbuminemia results in increased _______ drug levels in serum.

A

therapeutic

[2S] CC LAB (7 decks)

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