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[2S] CC LAB > intro to carbo > Flashcards

intro to carbo Flashcards

1
Q

major food source and energy supply for the body, found in connective tissues and nucleic acids

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

where glycogen is primarily stored in the body

A

liver and muscle

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3
Q

condition characterized by an increased level of glucose and is commonly seen in diabetic patients

A

Hyperglycemia

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4
Q

T/F: Hyperglycemia can be caused by factors like pancreatectomy, stress, and pregnancy.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F Hyperglycemia can also be caused by pregnancy, dehydration, and abnormal insulin receptors.

A

T

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6
Q

condition with decreased plasma glucose level and commonly seen in diabetic patients who inject insulin

A

Hypoglycemia

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7
Q

Severe Hyperglycemia occurs primarily in ___% of diabetics every year

A

10

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8
Q

caused by an imbalance of hormones and leads to chronic hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes mellitus

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperglycemia?
A) Hemochromatosis
B) Dehydration
C) Insulin overdose
D) Pancreatectomy

A

Insulin overdose – causes hypoglycemia.

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10
Q

hormone produced by the β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and promotes glucose entry into cells

A

Insulin

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11
Q

hormone produced by the α-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans which is responsible for increasing plasma glucose levels

A

glucagon

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12
Q

T/F: Insulin is the only hormone that decreases glucose levels and functions as a hypoglycemic agent.

A

T

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13
Q

process insulin stimulates to convert glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles?

A

Glycogenesis

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14
Q

process in wc glycogen is broken down into glucose in response to glucagon

A

Glycogenolysis

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15
Q

process where insulin stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides from glucose

A

Lipogenesis

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16
Q

process that insulin inhibits to prevent the release of glucose from the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis

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17
Q

T/F Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis, while glucagon stimulates it.

A

T

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18
Q

hormone responsible for increasing plasma glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT regulated by insulin?
A) Glycolysis
B) Glycogenolysis
C) Lipogenesis
D) Glycogenesis

A

B) Glycogenolysis – regulated by glucagon

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20
Q

process where glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

T/F Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to form products such as lactate, pyruvate, and ATP.

A

T

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22
Q

type of samples routinely used to measure glucose in the body

A

serum/plasma, whole blood, urine, csf

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23
Q

Why should serum or plasma be separated from blood cells as soon as possible when measuring glucose?

A

Blood cells continue to metabolize glucose, lowering glucose levels in the specimen.

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24
Q

T/F Glucose levels in whole blood are approximately 11% lower than in serum or plasma.

A

T

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25
Q

Odd One Out: Typical body fluid for glucose measurement
A) Serum
B) Plasma
C) Saliva
D) Urine

A

C) Saliva - mlamang

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26
Q

Venous blood glucose is approximately _____ lower compared to capillary blood glucose

A

7 mg/dl

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27
Q

T/F: CSF glucose levels are approximately 60-70% of plasma glucose levels

A

T

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28
Q

when should fasting blood glucose be obtained + how long should patient fast?

A

morning after 8-10 hrs of fasting

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29
Q

glucose levels in an uncentrifuged blood specimen kept at room temperature decreases by ___ per hr

A

5-10 mg/dl

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30
Q

T/F: If an uncentrifuged blood specimen is refrigerated, the glucose level decreases by approximately 3 mg/dL per hour.

A

F - 2 mg/dl

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31
Q

Odd One Out: Factor that affects fasting blood glucose
A) Diurnal variation
B) Time of fasting
C) Temperature
D) Content of last meal

A

D) Content of Last Meal – Fasting blood glucose requires no food intake for 8-10 hours.

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32
Q

Blood for CSF glucose levels should be obtained ___ hours before the spinal tap

A

1-2 hrs

33
Q

inhibits in vitro glycolysis, stabilizing glucose for up to 3 days at room temperature.

A

Sodium Fluoride Tube

34
Q

Odd One Out: Characteristic of a sodium fluoride tube
A) Inhibits in vitro glycolysis
B) Bacterial contamination increases glycolysis rate
C) Stabilizes glucose for 3 weeks
D) Best way to minimize glycolysis is to separate plasma from cells

A

C) Stabilizes glucose for 3 weeks – It stabilizes glucose for up to 3 days.

35
Q

principle of the Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

A

Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions in a hot alkaline solution by glucose.

36
Q

T/F The Alkaline Copper Reduction Method is specific for glucose.

A

F – High levels of ascorbic acid or other reducing agents can cause false positives.

37
Q

chemical method most commonly used for glucose determination

A

Nelson-Somogyi Method

38
Q

In the Folin-Wu Method, glucose reduces cupric ions to form what final product?

A

Phosphomolybdenum blue

39
Q

end product of the Neocuproine Method and color

A

Cuprous-neocuproine complex; yellow to yellow-orange - indicating glucose presence

40
Q

Odd One Out: Involves a yellow-to-orange color change
A) Neocuproine Method
B) Benedict’s Method
C) Hagedorn-Jensen Method

A

C) Hagedorn-Jensen Method – based on inverse colorimetry and does not use yellow-to-orange color changes.

41
Q

The Benedict’s Method uses _____ as stabilizing agents.

A

tartrate and citrate

42
Q

color indicates a high glucose level in the Benedict’s Method

A

Brick red

43
Q

method uses the principle of reducing ferricyanide to ferrocyanide in hot alkaline solution

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method

44
Q

how is glucose concentration measured in the Hagedorn-Jensen Method

A

proportional to the decrease in absorbance, using inverse colorimetry.

45
Q

measures the ability of primary aromatic amine acid to condense with glucose’s aldehyde group to form glycosylamines

A

Condensation Method

46
Q

Odd One Out: Interfering substance in the Condensation Method
A) Galactose
B) Uric acid
C) Mannose
D) Aldopentose

A

B) Uric acid – interferes with enzymatic methods, not condensation methods.

47
Q

end product of the Ortho-Toluidine Method and its final color

A

N-glucosylamine; bluish green.

48
Q

three major enzymatic methods for glucose determination

A

Glucose oxidase
Hexokinase
Glucose dehydrogenase

49
Q

enzyme used in the Glucose Oxidase Method – one of the most common for glucose determination?

A

Glucose oxidase

50
Q

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD aka

A

Saifer Gernstenfield method

51
Q

T/F The Glucose Oxidase Method is prone to errors caused by other reducing substances, such as ascorbic acid.

A

T

52
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of falsely decreased glucose in the Glucose Oxidase Method?

A) Uric acid
B) Ascorbic acid
C) Glutathione
D) Ferricyanide

A

D) Ferricyanide – part of the Hagedorn-Jensen Method.

53
Q

reaction of Trinder reaction, and in which glucose determination method is it used?

A

coupled reaction used in the Glucose Oxidase Method

54
Q

T/F: Hexokinase is a highly specific enzyme for glucose measurement because it phosphorylates glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.

A

T

55
Q

glucose determination method monitored by the disappearance of oxygen using an oxygen electrode or the consumption of hydrogen peroxide

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

56
Q

Odd One Out: Causes of falsely elevated glucose in the Glucose Oxidase Method

A) Bleach
B) Ascorbic acid
C) Strong oxidizing compounds
D) Overexposure to air

A

B) Ascorbic acid – falsely decreased glucose

57
Q

reference standard method for glucose determination and is considered more accurate than the glucose oxidase method

A

Hexokinase Method

58
Q

enzyme used in the Hexokinase Method for glucose determination?

A

Hexokinase

59
Q

absorbance measured in the Hexokinase Method increases at what wavelength

A

340 nm

60
Q

T/F Hexokinase Method can give false high results due to gross hemolysis or increased bilirubin.

A

F - low

61
Q

Odd One Out: Factors that causes false low results (Hexokinase Method)
A) Gross hemolysis
B) Increased bilirubin
C) Increased ATP concentration

A

C) Increased ATP concentration – ATP is a necessary substrate in the reaction, not a cause of false results.

62
Q

what enzyme converts α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose in the Glucose Dehydrogenase Method

A

Mutarotase

63
Q

compound that forms a blue color in the Glucose Dehydrogenase Method after NADH reacts with MTT and diaphorase?

A

Formazan

64
Q

T/F: The Glucose Dehydrogenase Method is more accurate than the Hexokinase Method for glucose determination.

A

F – Hexokinase Method is the reference standard and more accurate.

65
Q

formula to calculate the glucose concentration of a control sample

A

conc_sample=(conc_std)×( Abs_sample/ Abs_std)

65
Q

formula used to calculate the glucose concentration of a sample?

A

conc_sample=(conc_std)×(Abs_sample / Abs_std)

66
Q

T/F: To calculate the glucose concentration of CP (control positive), you use the formula:

conc_CP=conc_std×(Abs_std / Abs_CP)

A

F - (Abs_CP/ Abs_std)

67
Q

reference range for glucose concentration in conventional units

A

70-110 mg/dL

67
Q

T/F: The reference range for glucose in SI units is 3.9-6.1 mmol/L.

A

T

67
Q

conversion factor used to convert glucose concentration from mg/dL to mmol/L?

A

0.0556

68
Q

Odd One Out: Increased glucose levels
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Starvation
C) Pancreatitis
D) Renal failure

A

B) Starvation – decreased glucose levels

69
Q

diseases commonly associated with increased glucose levels

A

Diabetes mellitus, Pancreatitis, Pituitary or thyroid dysfunction, Renal failure, and Liver disease

70
Q

T/F: Hyperinsulinemia and insulin-induced hypoglycemia cause decreased glucose levels.

A

T

71
Q

Odd One Out: Decreased glucose levels
A) Hyperinsulinemia
B) Neoplasms
C) Liver disease
D) Starvation

A

C) Liver disease – Liver disease leads to increased glucose levels.

72
Q

condition characterized by excess insulin leading to hypoglycemia and low plasma glucose levels

A

Hyperinsulinemia

73
Q

T/F Neoplasms can result in increased glucose levels.

A

F - decreased

74
Q

diabetic patient who injects insulin have 1 or 2 episodes of ___ per week

A

symptomatic hypoglycemia

75
Q

what should be added in nelson somagyi method when preparing Protein-Free Filtrates to remove saccharoids

A

Barium sulfate (BaSO4)

76
Q

Nelson Somagyi involves the conversion of glucose to what color

A

arsenomolybdenum blue

[2S] CC LAB (7 decks)

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