Torusm Flashcards
Biophysical: Climate, soil, topography, site: Nature
- A country’s unique biophysical environment, cultural heritage and artistic life = integral components of its tourism industry
- → Environmental factors can be seen at all points in the tourism process.
- → ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, may influence tourists loyalty to/ substitution of tourist destination
Biophysical: Climate, soil, topography, site: Spatial Pattern
Tourism is ultimately located according to the spatial distribution of attractions and access to them= which is largely determined by environmental factors.
1. Environment of a host region needs to offer the things that tourist is seeking & unavailable at home.
→seldom chosen for tourist development =Destinations lacking suitable climatic, geological, flora/faunal attributes
→Highly desirable= Complementary natural characteristics, rich history.
2. CLIMATE= worthy of special consideration
→ Hang gliders= interested in peculiarities of mountain winds (such as the föhn of the Alps/Chinook of the alps)
→ Appreciation of the potential environmental hazards= basic to safety of
3. For each tourist activity, there is an optional climate that allows participation in comfort for a max number of days each year.
→Mediterranean environment= most agreeable
→The tropical zone= has great potential, although health hazards pose a major constraint in those regions where living conditions are substandard.
Biophysical: Climate, soil, topography, site :Future directions
Climate often determines the length and profitability of the holiday season at a resort.
→For example, in the popular ski resorts of the Australian strictly limits the peak tourist season.
Sociocultural: NATURE
Three major forms of culture has been identified as attracting visitors.
- Forms of Culture that are inanimate
- Forms of culture that are reflected in the normal daily life of a destination
- Especially animated and may involve particular events/ depict historic / famous occurrences
Tourism seen as a ‘pressure valve’ or means of “ self realisation’
→ the main elements seen to attract culture= Handicrafts, traditions, history, local food, architecture, art&music, ‘way of life’, religion, language and dress: traditional custumes
Sociocultural: SPATIAL PATTERN
Participation in tourism, affected by number of
Demographic social factors, such as
• age distribution,
• family life-cycle,
• level of edu,
• occupation structure and population concentration.
Sociocultural: F/D
Tourism is often accompanied by cultural exchange and the cultural enrichment of both those who travel and those at the receiving end.
→ ‘Undesirable cultural change’=
• Native cultures and traditional ways of life may be weakened or even destroyed by impacts of tourism, social probs may emerge, commercialization of culture and identity may occur as
→ Increasing life expectancy= explosion in tourism industry
→Demographic and social changes
Should profoundly affect the propensity of populations to indulge in tourism in the future
Organizational: N
Organization of tourism comes from two sources.
1. Govt
2. Private sector
→ Governments: Their responsibilities vary, with some geared only towards
• international promotion and
• marketing,
• while others become involved in regulation a
• nd promotion of the industry domestically.
→ Tourism in the private sector:
• characterized not only by wide variety of productive activities supplying passenger carriage
• (or travel),
• accommodation,
• amenities
• and attractions
• but also a range of different types of enterprises.
Ecological:N
→ The Australian Governments National ecotourism Strategy= defines tourism as “ nature based tourism that involves edu and
interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.
→ Promotes conservation by
• Minimizing negative impacts on the environment
• Impacting on tourists by heightening their awareness and appreciation of nature
• Respecting and financially benefiting local communities
→ Benefits of ecotourism
• Saves rainforests
• Employs people
• A way to earn foreign exchange
Ecological:S/P and eg
Increasingly tourists are looking for the extraordinary such as:
→ eg, hike in the Ecuadorian cloud forest
Walk in Kangaroo Islands sea lions,
Or Dive in GBR
Ecological:F/D
‘Natural phenomena’: The growing awareness of environmental issues and the environmental alienation of modern urban living have spawned a demand to experience a close interaction with nature
→ Travel companies
• have recognized the potential of this marketing niche
• and are keen to develop eco tourism products
→ Scientists
• are already actively researching the environmental aspects of tourism that will enable development of resources to be ecologically sustainable
Economic:N
Tourism = largest source of foreign exchange & strongest sectors of global economy
• → 1991= tourism surpassed agriculture for 1st time as US’s major export industry
• → Australia, 2005= Foreign tourists generated export earnings of $18.3 billion
• -Surpasses the contribution of wool ( 2.5 billion $) and approaching that of coal ($24 billion)
• → In the US 2004 , travel and tourism= brought in $74.5 billion.
→ Tourism= Source of employment
• Large people working in different provisions (large/small scale)
Technological:N
Technological innovations are changing every area of Tourism.
→ The internet has greatly increased the amount of info available for tourist
→ ‘Virtual Experience’: Technology enables a person to experience a place before they even leave home.
→ Technology is transforming the way people record their experiences.
Economic:S/P
The rise in incomes in both developed and developing countries has brought travel within the reach of an increasing number of people.
→ Foreign travel
• has high-income elasticity of demand
increases in national income result in more than proportionate increases in the demand for international travel
Economic:F/D
The rise in incomes in both developed and developing countries has brought travel within the reach of an increasing number of people.
→ Foreign travel
• has high-income elasticity of demand
increases in national income result in more than proportionate increases in the demand for international travel
Technological:N
Technological innovations are changing every area of Tourism.
→ The internet has greatly increased the amount of info available for tourist
→ ‘Virtual Experience’: Technology enables a person to experience a place before they even leave home.
→ Technology is transforming the way people Travel Trend: Rise of conspicuous leisure
“the signaling of social status through consumption of experience rather than through consumer goods.”
“Unique experiences, and not just for the affluent, are social currency,”
goods and experiences desired by the affluent are:
• owning a smartphone
• owning a vacation home
• having the freedom to work from home
• taking vacations to exotic destinations
• taking extended time off from work
