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202: Theme 1, Fundamental neuroscience and the brain > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuroectoderm cells

A

From ectoderm germ layer, found in embryonic neural cells.

Thickens day 20 to form neural plate.

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2
Q

Notochord

A

Cartilaginous tissue of the mesoderm layer.

Sends signals to neuroectoderm cells.

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3
Q

Neural tube

A

Form from the folding of the neural plate at day 20.

The lateral neural plate folds inwardly.

Layers:

  • Neural crest
  • Mantal
  • Ependymal
  • Lumen
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4
Q

Spina bifida

A

Neural tube defect caused by the failure of the posterior neural tube to close.

Leaves vertebral canal open.

Occulta= vertebral arch defect only

Cystica= projection of tissue, e.g meningocele.

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5
Q

Anencephaly

A

Neural crest defected caused by a failure of the anterior neuropore to close.

It is fatal.

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6
Q

Primary vesicles of the brain/

A

Formed by the expansion of the cranial end of the neural tube.

Prosenceophalon
- Forebrain

Mesencephalon
- Midbrain

Rhombacephalon
- Hindbrain

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7
Q

Forebrain/ Prosencephalon

A

Primary vesicle of the brain that gives rise to

  • Telencephalon
  • Optic vesicles
  • Diencephalon
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8
Q

Mesencephalon/ midbrain

A

Primary vesicle of the brain, stays as mesencephalon.

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9
Q

Rhombencephalon/ hindbrain

A

Primary vesicle of the brain that gives rise to

  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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10
Q

Secondary vesicles

A

Arises from primary vesicles.
- Forebrain: telencephalon, optic veiscles, diencephalon.

  • Midbrain: mesencephalon
  • Hindbrain: metencepbalon, myelencephalon.
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11
Q

Telencephalon

A

Secondary vesicle from the prosencephalon.

- Gives rise to the cerebral hemisphere

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12
Q

Optic vesicles

A

Secondary vesicles from the forebrain that form the eyes.

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13
Q

Diencephalon

A

Secondary vesicles from the forebrain that forms the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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14
Q

Metencephalon

A

Secondary vesicles from the hindbrain.

- Gives rise to the pons and cerebellum.

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15
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Secondary vesicles from the hindbrain.

- Gives rise to the medulla.

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16
Q

Forebrain

A

Composed of the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and the hypothalamus.

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17
Q

Brainstem

A

Composed of the midbrain and hindbrain.

  • Mesencephalon
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
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18
Q

Thalamus

  • Ventricle
  • Structure
  • Function
A

Part of the forebrain- diencephalon.

Structure

  • Paired structure, connected by inter-thalamic adhesions
  • Superior to hypothalamus
  • Inferior to cerebral cortex, superior to midbrain

Function:

  • Relays sensory information to the cortex
  • Voluntary movements
  • Personality, consciousness
  • Part of the limbic system
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19
Q

Hypothalamus

  • Ventricle
  • Structure
  • Function
A

Of the forebrain- diencephalon

Structure:

  • Inferior to thalamus
  • Anterior to pineal gland
  • Superior to pituitary gland, connected by infundibulum.

Function:

  • Functions of the ANS, endocrine
  • Homeostasis: temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythm
  • Input from limbic system
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20
Q

Limbic system

A

Brain nuclei that includes part of the telencephalon and diencephalon.

Components:
[Telencephalon]
- Cingulate cortex
- Fornix
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus

[Diencephalon]

  • Hypothalamus+ Thalamus
  • Mammillary bodies

Function:
Involved in motivation, emotion, learning and memory.

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21
Q

Fornix

A

White matter tract connecting the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies.
- Part of the telencephalon

Function:
- Component of limbic system

22
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Group of cell bodies (nuclei) in at the base of the prosencephalon

Includes:

  • Lentiform nucelus
  • Caudate nucleus

Functions include:

  • Voluntary motor movements, posture.
  • Eye movements
  • Emotion
23
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Component of Basal ganglia

  • Lens shaped
  • Lateral to thalamus
  • Lateral to internal capsule

Composed of:

  • Putamen (larger)
  • Globus pallidus
24
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Component of basal ganglia

  • L-shape
  • 3 parts: head, body, tail (links to amygdala)
  • Located in the wall of lateral ventricle.
25
Q

Central sulcus

A

Fold that separates the frontal from parietal lobe.

Also separates the primary motor cortex from somatosensory cortex.

26
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Functional area located in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe.

Sensory function

27
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Functional area in the pre-central gyrus, of the frontal lobe.

Motor function- controls movement

28
Q

Visual cortex

A

Sensory functional area of the occipital lobe.

29
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Sensory functional area of the temporal lobe.

- Processes sound

30
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Sensory functional area located in the lateral sulcus.

- Process smell

31
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Sensory functional are found in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe.
- Processes taste

32
Q

Insula cortex

A

Portion of cortex folded in the lateral sulcus.

- Cognitive function

33
Q

Accessory motor cortexes

A

Supplementary motor cortex
- Of the frontal lobe

Premotor cortex
- frontal lobe

Motor speech of Broca

34
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Region of the brain responsible for cognition and association.

35
Q

Corpus callosum

A

White matter tract of the telencephalon
- Links the two cerebral hemisphere

Regions:
Rostrum (head)
Genu
Body
Splenium
36
Q

Hippocampus

  • Vesicle
  • Structure
  • Function
A

Grey matter tissue of the telencephalon

Structure
Linked to the mammillary bodies by the fornix.
- Seahorse shape
- Sits on the floor of the lateral ventricle

Function:

  • Part of the limbic system
  • Memory
37
Q

Pineal gland

A

Structure posterior to the thalamus, tucked between where it is joined.

Produces melatonin
- Regulates sleep

38
Q

Brain stem

A

Composed of:

  • Mesencephalon
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata

Function:

  • The location of where most of the cranial nerves are contained
  • Contains respiratory and cardiovascular centres
  • Contrains vomiting centr
  • Motor and sleep control
39
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

White matter tract of the mesencephalon, connects the pons to the diencephalon.

40
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Tissue of the mesencephalon that receives visual input.

- Controls eye movements

41
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Tissue of the mesencephalon that has auditory function.

- Receives inputs from the auditory pathway and cortex.

42
Q

Red nucleus

A

Tissue of the mesencephalon that appears pinkish/red.

  • Responsible for relaying information between cortex and cerebellum
  • Motor co-ordination
43
Q

Substantial nigra

A

Structure of the basal ganglia (mesencephalon)
- Posterior to cerebral peduncles.

Function:
- Contains dopaminergic neurones (looks black due to melanin production)

44
Q

Pons

A

Tissue of the rhombencephalon- mylencephalon

Structure:
- Transverse fibres that continue to form cerebellar peduncles

Function:

  • Relays information to and from the cerebellum
  • Region where most of the axons descending in the midbrain synapses.
  • Contains nuclear formation
45
Q

Reticular formation

A

Brain nuclei in the Pons.
Runs from the mesencephalon to the medulla.
- Controls sleep
- Motor controls

46
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

White matter tract that connects the cerebellum to the mesencephalon.

47
Q

Medulla oblongata

  • Vesicle
  • Structure
  • Function
A

Tissue of the myelencephalon

Structure:

  • Inferior to the pons
  • Pyramid: corticospinal tract involved in the main voluntary motor pathway
  • Olive: olivary nuceli which relays motor info to the cerebellum

Tubercles: form part of the ascending tract

  • Cuneate- lateral.
  • Gracile- medial
48
Q

Cerebellum

A

Tissue of the metencephalon

Structure

  • Posterior to brainstem
  • White + grey matter
  • Two hemisphere
  • 3 lobes

Functions:

  • Posture
  • Co-ordination of limbs
  • Control eyes movements
49
Q

Arbor vitae

A

White matter of the cerebellum

Connects sensory and motor tissues

50
Q

Lobes of the cerebellum and their function

A

Anterior- Unconscious proprioception

Flocculonodular- eye movements

Posterior: motor co-ordination

202: Theme 1, Fundamental neuroscience and the brain (27 decks)

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