Arises from primary vesicles. - Forebrain: telencephalon, optic veiscles, diencephalon. - Midbrain: mesencephalon - Hindbrain: metencepbalon, myelencephalon.

Composed of the midbrain and hindbrain. - Mesencephalon - Pons - Medulla - Cerebellum

Thalamus - Ventricle - Structure - Function

Part of the forebrain- diencephalon. Structure - Paired structure, connected by inter-thalamic adhesions - Superior to hypothalamus - Inferior to cerebral cortex, superior to midbrain Function: - Relays sensory information to the cortex - Voluntary movements - Personality, consciousness - Part of the limbic system

Hypothalamus - Ventricle - Structure - Function

Of the forebrain- diencephalon Structure: - Inferior to thalamus - Anterior to pineal gland - Superior to pituitary gland, connected by infundibulum. Function: - Functions of the ANS, endocrine - Homeostasis: temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythm - Input from limbic system

Topography of the brain Flashcards by aderonke adesanoye

Neuroectoderm cells

From ectoderm germ layer, found in embryonic neural cells.

Thickens day 20 to form neural plate.

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Notochord

Cartilaginous tissue of the mesoderm layer.

Sends signals to neuroectoderm cells.

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Neural tube

Form from the folding of the neural plate at day 20.

The lateral neural plate folds inwardly.

Layers:

Neural crest
Mantal
Ependymal
Lumen

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Spina bifida

Neural tube defect caused by the failure of the posterior neural tube to close.

Leaves vertebral canal open.

Occulta= vertebral arch defect only

Cystica= projection of tissue, e.g meningocele.

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Anencephaly

Neural crest defected caused by a failure of the anterior neuropore to close.

It is fatal.

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Primary vesicles of the brain/

Formed by the expansion of the cranial end of the neural tube.

Prosenceophalon
- Forebrain

Mesencephalon
- Midbrain

Rhombacephalon
- Hindbrain

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Forebrain/ Prosencephalon

Primary vesicle of the brain that gives rise to

Telencephalon
Optic vesicles
Diencephalon

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Mesencephalon/ midbrain

Primary vesicle of the brain, stays as mesencephalon.

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Rhombencephalon/ hindbrain

Primary vesicle of the brain that gives rise to

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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Secondary vesicles

Arises from primary vesicles.
- Forebrain: telencephalon, optic veiscles, diencephalon.

Midbrain: mesencephalon
Hindbrain: metencepbalon, myelencephalon.

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Telencephalon

Secondary vesicle from the prosencephalon.

- Gives rise to the cerebral hemisphere

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Optic vesicles

Secondary vesicles from the forebrain that form the eyes.

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Diencephalon

Secondary vesicles from the forebrain that forms the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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Metencephalon

Secondary vesicles from the hindbrain.

- Gives rise to the pons and cerebellum.

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Myelencephalon

Secondary vesicles from the hindbrain.

- Gives rise to the medulla.

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Forebrain

Composed of the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and the hypothalamus.

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Brainstem

Composed of the midbrain and hindbrain.

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

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Thalamus

Ventricle
Structure
Function

Part of the forebrain- diencephalon.

Structure

Paired structure, connected by inter-thalamic adhesions
Superior to hypothalamus
Inferior to cerebral cortex, superior to midbrain

Function:

Relays sensory information to the cortex
Voluntary movements
Personality, consciousness
Part of the limbic system

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Hypothalamus

Ventricle
Structure
Function

Of the forebrain- diencephalon

Structure:

Inferior to thalamus
Anterior to pineal gland
Superior to pituitary gland, connected by infundibulum.

Function:

Functions of the ANS, endocrine
Homeostasis: temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythm
Input from limbic system

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Limbic system

Brain nuclei that includes part of the telencephalon and diencephalon.

Components:
[Telencephalon]
- Cingulate cortex
- Fornix
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus

[Diencephalon]

Hypothalamus+ Thalamus
Mammillary bodies

Function:
Involved in motivation, emotion, learning and memory.

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Fornix

White matter tract connecting the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies.
- Part of the telencephalon

Function:
- Component of limbic system

Basal ganglia

Group of cell bodies (nuclei) in at the base of the prosencephalon

Includes:

Lentiform nucelus
Caudate nucleus

Functions include:

Voluntary motor movements, posture.
Eye movements
Emotion

Lentiform nucleus

Component of Basal ganglia

Lens shaped
Lateral to thalamus
Lateral to internal capsule

Composed of:

Putamen (larger)
Globus pallidus

Caudate nucleus

Component of basal ganglia

L-shape
3 parts: head, body, tail (links to amygdala)
Located in the wall of lateral ventricle.

Central sulcus

Fold that separates the frontal from parietal lobe. Also separates the primary motor cortex from somatosensory cortex.

Somatosensory cortex

Functional area located in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe. Sensory function

Primary motor cortex

Functional area in the pre-central gyrus, of the frontal lobe. Motor function- controls movement

Visual cortex

Sensory functional area of the occipital lobe.

Auditory cortex

Sensory functional area of the temporal lobe. | - Processes sound

Olfactory cortex

Sensory functional area located in the lateral sulcus. | - Process smell

Gustatory cortex

Sensory functional are found in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe. - Processes taste

Insula cortex

Portion of cortex folded in the lateral sulcus. | - Cognitive function

Accessory motor cortexes

Supplementary motor cortex - Of the frontal lobe Premotor cortex - frontal lobe Motor speech of Broca

Prefrontal cortex

Region of the brain responsible for cognition and association.

Corpus callosum

White matter tract of the telencephalon - Links the two cerebral hemisphere ``` Regions: Rostrum (head) Genu Body Splenium ```

Hippocampus - Vesicle - Structure - Function

Grey matter tissue of the telencephalon Structure Linked to the mammillary bodies by the fornix. - Seahorse shape - Sits on the floor of the lateral ventricle Function: - Part of the limbic system - Memory

Pineal gland

Structure posterior to the thalamus, tucked between where it is joined. Produces melatonin - Regulates sleep

Brain stem

Composed of: - Mesencephalon - Pons - Medulla oblongata Function: - The location of where most of the cranial nerves are contained - Contains respiratory and cardiovascular centres - Contrains vomiting centr - Motor and sleep control

Cerebral peduncles

White matter tract of the mesencephalon, connects the pons to the diencephalon.

Superior colliculus

Tissue of the mesencephalon that receives visual input. | - Controls eye movements

Inferior colliculus

Tissue of the mesencephalon that has auditory function. | - Receives inputs from the auditory pathway and cortex.

Red nucleus

Tissue of the mesencephalon that appears pinkish/red. - Responsible for relaying information between cortex and cerebellum - Motor co-ordination

Substantial nigra

Structure of the basal ganglia (mesencephalon) - Posterior to cerebral peduncles. Function: - Contains dopaminergic neurones (looks black due to melanin production)

Pons

Tissue of the rhombencephalon- mylencephalon Structure: - Transverse fibres that continue to form cerebellar peduncles Function: - Relays information to and from the cerebellum - Region where most of the axons descending in the midbrain synapses. - Contains nuclear formation

Reticular formation

Brain nuclei in the Pons. Runs from the mesencephalon to the medulla. - Controls sleep - Motor controls

Middle cerebellar peduncle

White matter tract that connects the cerebellum to the mesencephalon.

Medulla oblongata - Vesicle - Structure - Function

Tissue of the myelencephalon Structure: - Inferior to the pons - Pyramid: corticospinal tract involved in the main voluntary motor pathway - Olive: olivary nuceli which relays motor info to the cerebellum Tubercles: form part of the ascending tract - Cuneate- lateral. - Gracile- medial

Cerebellum

Tissue of the metencephalon Structure - Posterior to brainstem - White + grey matter - Two hemisphere - 3 lobes Functions: - Posture - Co-ordination of limbs - Control eyes movements

Arbor vitae

White matter of the cerebellum Connects sensory and motor tissues

Lobes of the cerebellum and their function

Anterior- Unconscious proprioception Flocculonodular- eye movements Posterior: motor co-ordination