Topics for Midterm Flashcards
List the 10 characteristics of a profession
- Institutional monopoly of services
- Autonomy
- Education and training requirements
- Provision of essential service
- Self governance
- Professional association
- Public trust
- Prestige, benefits and pay
- Professional behavior (Professional code of conduct)
- Lifelong learning
what is the Canadian Teachers Federation (Alberta Teachers)?
- Intervenes whenever the interests of teachers and students are at stake
- Continues to assist all teacher organizations across Canada in difficult times
What is the Alberta Teachers Association?
The Alberta Teachers Association:
- is a professional organization of teachers
- promotes and advances public education
- safeguards standards of professional practice
- serves as an advocate for its members.
What is the ATA professional code of conduct?
- Minimum standards of professional conduct
- Anyone can file a complaint of unprofessional conduct against a member
- ATA investigates each complaint
- Teachers found guilty of unprofessional conduct face penalties such as reprimand, a fine, expulsion from the association, suspension or cancellation of certification
REFERENCE FROM SLIDE:
The code of professional conduct stipulates minimum standards of professional conduct of teachers but is not an exhaustive list of such standards. Unless exempted by legislation, any member of the Alberta Teachers’ Association who is alleged to have violated the standards of the profession, including the provisions of the Code, may be subject to a charge of unprofessional conduct under the bylaws of the association.
What is the Alberta Teacher’s Alliance (1918)?
- The Alberta Teachers Alliance was established during World War I. At the time teaching was not really viewed as a “profession”.
- United teachers but had limited power
What is the Teaching Profession Act (1935), Educational?
- The teaching profession act of 1935 gave the Alberta Teachers Association it’s legal foundation
What is the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)?
The Educational Resources Information Center otherwise known as ERIC is an educational database
What is proletarianization?
Proletarianization refers to the process whereby teachers, like workers and many industries, are subject to increasing, externally driven forms of control and pressures to intensify their work.
definition:
A process in which workers lose control over core aspects of their work, or one in which self-sufficient workers are replaced by employees and subordinate positions.
Who is Paulo Freire?
Paulo Freire, writer of the Pedagogy of the Oppressed
- He was a Brazilian educator
- He expanded on the progressivist approach to include social activism in change
- He was against the banking model, whereby teacher deposits information into students
- Helped the poor overcome their sense of powerlessness and worked on empowering them
- He was exiled in 1964 but returned to Brazil
- He became the Minister of Education and is responsible for two 2/3 of Brazil schools
- Believe students must be in charge of their own education and destiny
Who opposed the banking model? Explain the banking model…
It was Paulo Freire who oppossed the “banking model” of education.
The “banking model”:
- Where a student is viewed as an empty bank account to be filled by the teacher
- Student is passive, teacher is source of knowledge
- The basic critique was not new– Rousseau’s conception of the child as an active learner was already a step away from John Locke’s notion of “tabula rasa”
What is critical pedagogy?
Critical pedagogy is a teaching method that aims to help in challenging and actively struggling against any form of social oppression
What is social reproduction?
Social reproduction is the emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next
What is cultural transmission?
A way a group of people in a society pass on information
What is socialization in regards to education?
Socialization refers to the complex, life-long learning process through which individuals develop a sense of self and acquire the knowledge, skills, values, norms, and dispositions required to fulfill social roles.
The process through which the individual takes on the ways of thinking, seeing, believing, and behaving that prevail in the society that he or she was born into.
Reflect differences in social class, ethnicity, race, and gender as well as the constant changes within society.
Describe the primary agent of socialization
The primary agent of socialization stems from one’s family. It includes:
- Development of language
- Individual identity
- Identity relating to the particular ethnic or religious subgroups the family belongs to
- Cognitive skills
- Self-control
- Internalization of moral standards
- Appropriate behaviors and social roles
- Gender identity
It is the the years before the child goes to school that primary socialization is most influential. After a child goes to school there is still influence from a sociological perspective but it is then combined with the influence of school
Describe the secondary agent of socialization
The secondary agent of socialization is school.
Describe section 93 of the BNA act
section 93 granted authority for education to the provinces
Name 5 fundamental principles of the school act
- Access to quality education
- Equity
- Flexibility and choice
- Responsiveness
- Accountability
Fundamental Principles: Expanded for review
- Access to quality education–Every student has the right of access to a quality basic education that is consistent with the students abilities and provides the knowledge, skills and attitudes to be a self-reliant responsible, caring and contributing member of society.
- Equity –All students have equal access to quality basic education regardless of where in the province they live.
- Flexibility and choice– parents and students have opportunities to choose schools and programs in public education system, within standards and policy set by the provincial government. School boards are expected to meet the educational needs of the students and communities they serve.
- Responsiveness – the student is the focus of the education system.
Legislation, policies, and practices support communities in delivering school programs and services that are responsive to the unique needs of each child. - Accountability – all those involved in making decisions about educational matters– from the minister to school boards and staff, parents and students– must be accountable for their decisions
Describe the Constitution Act
- Established Canada as a nation
- section 93 granted authority for education to the provinces
Describe the Alberta Act from 1905
The minority rights are written into the Constitution Act enacted in the Alberta Act (1905), and encapsulated in the School Act.
“The government of Alberta affirms its commitment to the preservation and continuation of this one publicly funded system of education through it’s two dimensions: the public schools and the separate schools.”
What is Cultural Assimilation?
Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group’s language and culture come to resemble those of another group.
What is the Ministry of Education’s role of government in education?
- The Ministry of Education makes decisions about what is taught and sets education standards and policy.
- The ministry operates under the direction of the Minister of Education, Hon. David Eggen.
What is the school board’s role of government in education?
- Made up of elected trustees
- Accountable to School Act and provincial regulations
- Implement the Programs of Study
- Provide programs in response to community needs
- Allocate school budgets fairly and equitably
- Arrange transportation for students
- Set district policies consistent with provincial policies
- Act as an appeals body
What is the superintendent’s role of government in education?
what is the schools (principal and teacher) role of government in education?
- Principle:*
- Administer the school
Teacher:
- Deliver the curriculum
What is the School (Parent) Council’s role of government in education?
- Provides Albertans a means to advise the principal and school board regarding school matters
- Consist of the principle, at least one other teacher, students (high school only), and parents of students enrolled in the school. Parents must form the majority of members
- Provide advice on the development of school’s mission, vision and philosophy; policies; annual education plans; and fiscal management
- make bylaws and conducted it’s ownIts own business and affairs
Examples of government initiatives
The government initiatives in education include making legislation, policy and setting standards.
Government interest/role in education include:
- Literacy and numeracy (curriculum, assessment)
- Economic (prep young adults to an to the workforce)
- Health and safety (safe and caring schools)
- Equity and access (special needs, distance education)
- Societal and cultural (citizenship)
Who came up with the philosophical orientation perennialism? Describe perennialism.
Morton Adler came up with perennialism
- School’s should transmit the accumulated wisdom of past generations to today’s students in a disciplined environment
- Method is teacher centered
- Didactic lecture
- Socratic questioning
- Coaching
- Society determines curriculum
Perrennialism has an emphasis on:
- Universal truths
- Everlasting knowledge
- Classical education
- Subject oriented
- Critical thinking
Who came up with the philosophical orientation essentialism? Describe essentialism
It was ED Hirsh Jr who came up with essentialism:
- Student should learn basic materials such as the 3Rs; The teacher is the authority, and the students job is to learn the material. School is largely preparation for workforce
- Teaching method is teacher centers
- Lecture
- Recitation
- Drill and practice
- Society and teachers determines the curriculum
- Standardized tests are often required to ensure standards are met
Essentialism has an emphasis on:
- Back to the basics
- Knowledge, skills and content
- Mastery learning
- Preparing students to be productive in the workforce
Who held the philosophical orientation of existentialism? Describe
It was John Paul Sartre who held the existentialist philosophy in regards to education.
The philosophy he held of existentialism:
- We define ourselves through the choices we make
- Emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice
- Humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe
Other info as a side note:
JP Satre: He said “Students need to define their own ways to define what is true, false, beautiful, ugly etc.”
- Existence of individual (People can define themselves or be defined by others)
- Truth is defined by the individual
- We make our own choices and take responsibilities for self
- Let has no meaning except for our personal goals
Describe the philosophic orientation: progressivism. What does progressivism mean in reference to education?
Who prescribes to this philosophy?
The educational philosophy of progressivism takes its name from the word progressive.
The dictionary defines progressive as “making use of or interested in new ideas, findings, or opportunities” and “…An educational theory marked by ethicists on the individual child, and formality of classroom procedures, and encouragement of self expression”
Several basic principles of progressivism:
- Student should be free to develop naturally
- Student interest should guide to teaching
- The teacher should be a guide, not a taskmaster
- Student development should involve the whole student and should include physical, mental, moral, and social growth
- School should attend to the physical development of students
- There should be school–home cooperation to meet the needs of students realistically
It was John Dewey who prescribed to this philosophy and in fact his work at University of Chicago has produced tremendous innovations in American education.
Describe the philosophic orientation: eclectic. What does eclectic mean in reference to education?
Describe humanism
MAIN IDEA TO KNOW:
Humanist and Education
- Focus is on individual needs, interest, personal freedom, and self actualization
- Student centered, teacher as facilitator
- Purpose of education to help students realize or actualize full potential
- Student interest and motivation guys learning
OTHER:
- Human have an intrinsic capability for personal growth
- where have the ability and desire to control personal destinies
- Teachers must understand the personal perceptions of students
- Focuses on not only the content being taught but also the individual students
Humanism influences:
- Carl Rogers
- “Person-centered” approach to psychology
- Approach people with empathy, genuineness, and warmth so that they grow maximally
- Maslow – pyramid of basic needs
Describe behaviorism
MAIN CONCEPT TO KNOW:
Behaviorist teaching methods:
- Drill and practice
- Repetition
- Practice
- Rewards based teaching methodologies
- Classroom management techniques involves reinforcement of desired behavior
OTHER:
- Focus on observable behavior
- Learning a shaped by the environment
- Influencers: Watson, Skinner, Pavlov
- Control of the educational environment and appropriate reinforcement techniques causes students to exhibit desired behaviors
- Has implications for classroom management techniques as well
INFLUENCERS:
Pavlov Versus Skinner
PAVLOV
- Classical conditioning
- Salivating dog and Belak experiments
- Paired two stimulus together (Bell and food)
- Dog salivates when bell is heard
SKINNER
- Operant conditioning
- Behavior can be shaped through reinforcement
- Consequences of behavior will impact behavior
- Positive and negative reinforcers are meant to increase desired behavior
Describe constructivism
MAIN CONCEPT TO KNOW:
- Students construct their own understanding through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences
- Views learning as an active process where learners construct meaning
- Teacher is facilitator who presents problems
- Instead of telling, the teacher begins by asking
- When students figure out problems on their own versus being told to memorize the remember longer and understand better
- Connected to knowledge they already know
OTHER:
CONSTRUCTIVISM TEACHING METHODS
- Collaborative learning
- Vygotsky zone of proximal learning
- Problem based learning
- Discovery learning
- Case based learning
- Active learning
CONSTRUCTIVISM INFLUENCERS
- Jean Piaget - Piaget’s theory of constructivism argues that people produce knowledge and for meaning based upon their experiences
- Learning by doing as opposed to memorization
- Lev Vygotsky - Focused on the role of other people and learning
- Zone proximal development
Describe information processing
MAIN CONCEPT TO KNOW:
Implications for teaching
- Organize information carefully and thoughtfully
- Link new information to existing knowledge
- Recognized limits of attention
- Recognize limits of short-term memory
- Provide encoding strategies to ensure new information will be meaningful
OTHER:
- Learning is the mental process that takes place in the brain
- The focus is on the mental process and memory
- Memory has a limited capacity
- Cognitive load theory
- Teachers role is to help students get information into their long-term memory
INFO PROCESSING TEACHING METHODS:
- Practice for retention
- Mnemonic (memory) devises
- “i before e except after c”
- Songs: ABCS
- SOHCAHTOA (for trig)
- Mental Maps
- Advanced Organizers
- Chunking
- 7807914833 versus 791 48 33
What are agents of socialization?
What is the hidden curriculum?
Definition: The hidden curriculum is the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school.
The hidden curriculum consists of the unspoken or implicit academic, social, and cultural messages that are communicated while in school.
Example 1: Textbooks
- Textbooks for not just a delivery system of facts
- The school’s formal curriculum does not always transmit neutral knowledge
- The knowledge transmitted depends on what is included in texts, how it is presented and what is excluded
According to functionalists:
- Waiting in line
- Scheduling activity
- Competing for teacher attention
- Working independently and in groups prepare students for society
A functionalist interpret each part of society in terms of how it contributes to stability of the whole society (I.E.How it contributes to a functioning society)
What is Marxist?
What is cultural reproduction?
- Schooling reproduces existing class structure, allowing subordinate groups to be reproduced and dominant groups to retain power
- Schooling serves to maintain power and keep the status quo
- Perception of schooling as neutral conceals the built in bias
What is social mobility?
Social mobility is the opposite of social reproduction, it refers to the movement of social classes within a society (I.E.with hard work someone in poverty can move up into the middle class or upper-class)
***Will not ask students to define social mobility on the exam but sometimes use that term in a question that relates to social reproduction.
What is Tabula Rasa and who came up with it?
Tabula Rasa, or “blank slate”, is the theory that at birth the human mind is a “blank slate”
Describe “teacher as reflective practitioner”
Reflective teaching means looking at what you are doing in a classroom, thinking about why you do it, and thinking about if it works - the process of self-observation and self-evaluation.
- Consider students are them what their needs are
- Minority import socioeconomic background
- Appropriateness of class structure in relation to diverse backgrounds
- Maybe closer monitoring and planning is required
Describe “teacher as technician”
Focus on an assertive discipline program
- Based on sanction and consequences
- Punish inappropriate behavior
- Positive reinforcement
Driven by ideas that:
- Need to punish inappropriate behavior or so the entire class does not get out of control
- To be successful the teacher needs to “get tough”
What is Praxis?
Praxis is the process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, embodied, or realized
Paulo Freire defines praxis in Pedagogy of the Oppressed as “reflection and action directed at the structures to be transformed.”
Through praxis, oppressed people can acquire a critical awareness of their own condition struggle for liberation
What is media’s perception of teacher’s?
Movies and television
- Teacher as unsung hero
- Teachers as outsiders
- Comic versus realistic portrayals
- Rule breaker teacher
Print media
- Opinions/stories from newspapers
- Literature
Describe the “Apprenticeship of Observation”
Dan Lortie, a sociologist who has studied the work of teachers, coined the term apprenticeship of observation to describe the knowledge we attain about teaching during the years we watch her own teachers from kindergarten to high school graduation.
He believed that in many ways those school years were like “serving an apprenticeship in teaching.”
Describe “Making the Familiar Strange” by Erikson
Describe how the ATA got it’s legal basis
The Alberta Teaching Act of 1935 gave the ATA it’s legal basis
What is the hidden curriculum of surveillance technology in schools?
- Trust
- Fear/danger
- Privacy rights
- Freedom to choose
Why is socialization considered necessary? how does the hidden curriculum apply to this?
- Socialization is considered necessary to ensure the stability and functioning of the social system.
- We are socializing to a culturally specific the generally shared system of symbols, meanings, and values. The things comprised of these symbols, meanings, and values are often taught and learned by means of hidden curriculum.
What are some simple examples of hidden messages children receive at school?
- Math is not your thing!
- War is bad!
- You are smart!
- Democracy equals freedom
- Use politically correct words
Perspectives on educational/schooling and identity:
Define:
- Historical
- Philosophical
- Sociological
- Historical–of or concerning history, concerning past events
- Philosophical–Related or devoted to the study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality or existence
- Sociological–related to the study of human social behavior, especially the study of the origins, organization, institutions, and development of human society.
What is the purpose of education?
- To prepare students for the workforce
- to become well-rounded, knowledgeable, and thoughtful citizens
- To become critical thinkers and solve problems as they arise
- Teach children how to grow into “model citizens”
- To open the minds and ask for new ways of thinking about the world
- To propagate society’s traditions
What is the difference between schooling and education?
Education and schooling go hand in hand but they’re not the same thing. Schooling is a formal form of education where students are taught about subjects based on curriculum that which happens in the classroom.
Education and its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, Skills, and habits of her people are transferred from one generation to the next you’re teaching, training, or research.
Can one be educated without schooling?
Yes, when children are playing or building things they’re learning. When people read books, watch movies, travel, and volunteer in the community they are learning.
Describe the code of professional conduct in relation to pupils.
- One must teach in a manner that respects the dignity and rights of all persons without prejudice
- Responsible for diagnosing educational needs, prescribing in implementing instructional programs and evaluating progress
- The teacher may delegate specific and limited aspects of instructional activity to noncertified personnel provided the teacher supervises and directs the activity
- The teacher may not divulge information about pupil received in confidence
- Teacher may not accept pay for tutoring a pupil
Describe the code of professional conduct in relation to colleagues
- Teacher does not undermine the confidence of the other teachers
- A teacher who criticizes the professional competence or professional reputation of another teacher only in confidence to proper officials and after the other teacher has been informed of the criticism
- When making a report on the professional parts of another a copy will first be provided to the teacher
- Teacher must recognize the duty to protest through proper channels administrative policies and practices
Describe the code of professional conduct in relation to school authorities
- Must protest the assignment of duties for which the teachers nonqualified
- Fulfills contractual obligations to the employer
- A teacher provides his much notice as possible of a decision to terminate employment
- The teacher adheres to agreements negotiated on the teachers for half by the Association
Describe the code of conduct in relation to the profession
- Teacher acts in a manner which maintains the honor and dignity of the profession
- Does not engage in activities which adversely affect the quality of the teachers professional service
- Teacher submits to the association disputes arising from professional relationships with other teachers which cannot be resolved by personal discussions
- The teacher accepts that service to the Association as a professional responsibility
Why is the question of whether teaching as a profession or not is a red herring?
The real issue is the degree to which teachers can resist the deskilling and maintain some measure of autonomy within the school bureaucracy.
What does the School Act describe?
- The relationship of the minister to students, parents and school jurisdictions
- Provides for the system of administration and financing of education in Alberta
- Defines the roles and responsibilities of school authorities, superintendents, principals and teachers, as well as a code of conduct for student
PHILOSOPHICAL EXAMPLE
Article: “Why theoretical knowledge is important” (p. 163-164)
What is this article about?
What is Taylor’s view of education? (What perspective does he take)?
According to Taylor what is the main purpose of education?
What does Rrunte criticize Taylor’s perspective?
SOCIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE: What is Education?
Article: “The Functionalist Perspective” (p. 164-166)
Who is Emile Durkheim?
How does Emile Durkheim portray education?
According to Durkheim, what is the most important contribution education makes to society?
From this perspective what is the central function of education?
HISTORICAL EXAMPLE: Diverse societies (Preindustrial versus modern society) (p. 166-167)
Compare education in preindustrial societies and postindustrial societies
- What was the role of family in education?
- What was the role of formal education?
- Discuss how industrialization impacted education
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING EXAMPLE (p. 167-168)
- What is formal education? How does it compare to schooling?
- What is the relationship between education and schooling?
- What do we need to take into consideration if you want to truly understand what education is?
- How does “functionalism” help us define schooling and education?
1.
What is the functionalist interpretation of the role of education and society?
- The functionalist perspective views education in terms of the functions it provides in society
- Transmission of cultural values
- Social control
- Social reproduction
- Preparation for the workforce – economic training
- Socialization
What role does hidden curriculum play according to the functionalist perspective?
What do you think about the functionalist perspective regarding the role of education and society?
Summarize the Runte’s criticism of Taylor’s original article
Include the following:
- Assumptions or biases that Runte exposes and why this is problematic
- Refer to examples provided by Runte
Further review of Runte & Taylor articles:
- Summarize the main differences between Runte and Taylor’s perspective about the role of education
Describe Paulo Freire’s philosophical orientation to education…
Paulo Freire’s Philosophical orientation to education stems from a progressivist approach, but also expands on it in the way of social reconstructionism. He believes that education must involve dialogue and mutual understanding and must nurture spectrum between student and teacher, stressing that this is the key to the liberation of the oppressed.
What is perennialism?
Return to the classics, critical thinking
what is essentialism?
Return to basics, preparation for the workforce
what is progressivism?
Focus needs of students, inquiry learning
what is existentialism?
Education assigns meaning to students lives
what is social reconstruction?
Improving society, new social order
BEHAVIORISM REVIEW - PHOTO
CONSTRUCTIVISM PHOTO - REVIEW
INFORMATION PROCESSING PHOTO - REVIEW
WTF IS THIS PHOTO - REVIEW
What is the role of the ATA?
Protects the profession and support teachers
Functionalist versus Marxist
- Functionalists assume schools advance equal opportunityTurnThat for all because curriculum is the same for all
- While Marxists suggests that the hidden curriculum works differently for different social classes
Teacher-as-technician versus teacher-as-reflective practitioner
Teacher-As-Technician
- Locates the problem entirely in the students and their action
- Looks for a program or technique to fix the deviant behavior
Teacher-As-Reflective Practitioner
- Considers the teacher’s role in the problem
- Examines own motivation and the context in which the problem occurs
- Designs intervention for a specific situation and restructured the activity
