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Biology🍃 > Topic1.1 - Cells > Flashcards

Topic1.1 - Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of a cell membrane

A

Controls entry and exit of substances from the cell.

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2
Q

Function of the chromosomes

A

Thread like structures composed of DNA that carry genes.

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3
Q

Function of the nuclear membrane

A

Encloses the genetic material inside the nucleus

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4
Q

Function of cytoplasm, a solution of chemicals dissolved in water.

A

Site of chemical reactions in the cell

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5
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell, contains all of the cell’s genetic material that it needs to function

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6
Q

Function of the cellulose cell wall

A

Provides strength and shape to the cell

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7
Q

Function of the chloroplasts

A

Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis.

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8
Q

Function of the permanent vacuole

A

Stores water, salt and sugars.

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9
Q

Function of the mitochondrion

A

Power station of cell, releases energy in usable forms

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11
Q

What are the advantages to cells of having all these separate compartments?

A

Each compartment has a different function and it keeps the cell organised.

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12
Q

Each cell is enclose by a … which is very delicate but selectively … .

A

Membrane

Permeable

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13
Q

What’s different about the bacterial cells, compared to the plant and animal cells?

A

They do not contain a nucleus: instead they have 1 large circular chromosome and extra small rings of DNA called plasmids.

They have a cell wall but it’s not made of cellulose.

They are much smaller.

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14
Q

Why is iodine or methylene blue used on the onion epidermis?

A

It will stain the cells, making them easier to see.

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15
Q

If the onion tissue is more than one cell thick…

A

You wouldn’t get a clear enough picture of the cells, making it harder to see individual cells

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16
Q

Why shouldn’t you use the coarse focus lens when on high power?

A

You could easily damage the lens and it would be expensive to replace

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17
Q

As you increase the magnification, the …… … …… decreases, so you see…

A

Field of view

So you see less of the specimen but in more detail

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18
Q

Measurement order of scale

A

μm

x1000

mm

x1000

m

x1000

km

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19
Q

Magnification equations

A

Actual size =

magnification

Magnification =

actual size

20
Q

Organisation of cells in increasing level of complexity

A 
Cell
Tissue 
Organ
Organ system
Organism
21
Q

Cell definition

A

Basic unit of life

22
Q

Tissue definition

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

23
Q

Organ definition

A

A collection of tissues that have amalgamated to carry out a specific task

24
Q

Organ system definition

A

A collection of organs

25
Q

Organism definition

A

A collection of organ systems

26
Q

Cell example

A

Sperm cell

27
Q

Tissue example

A

Connective tissue

28
Q

Organ examples

A 
Brain
Lung
Scapula
Eye
Leaf
29
Q

Organ system example

A

Skeletal

30
Q

Organism example

A

Rat

31
Q

Animal growth tends to involve growth…

Plants tend to grow at…()

A

All over their bodies

The tips of roots and shoots (the apices)

32
Q

Only certain areas of the plant have the ability to grow (……)

A

Meristems

33
Q

………… ……… are made up of unspecialised cells that have the ability to become…

A

Meristematic tissues

Any type of plant cell

34
Q

In animals, cells become ………… at an early stage of development.

A

Specialised

35
Q

Stem cells can…

and are therefore of interest in developing…

A

Grow into any type of body cell

New treatments for diseases

36
Q

Give two reasons why certain groups of people may be against stem cell research

A

(i) it could allow the cloning of humans

(ii) harvesting the cells may result in the abortion of the embryo

37
Q

Diffusion definition

A

The random molecular movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration along a concentration gradient.

38
Q

Diffusion is important for:

A

(i) the movement of gases into and out of leaves during photosynthesis
(ii) the movement of oxygen from the air spaces in the lungs into the blood stream
(iii) when small food molecules diffuse from the gut into the surrounding cells

39
Q

Stem cell sources

A

Umbilical cord blood
Adult
Embryo

40
Q

Umbilical cord blood stem cell ethical concerns

A

No major ethical concerns

41
Q

Adult stem cell ethical concerns

A

The technology could allow humans to be cloned

42
Q

Embryo stem cell ethical concerns

A

Harvesting the cells may result in the abortion of the embryo

43
Q

Umbilical cord blood - limitations of cell obtained

A

must be obtained soon after birth, can be difficult to identify the specific cells that will be of use

44
Q

Adult - limitations of cell obtained

A

Not all cell types can be produced
Cells have a limited life span
Cells can be hard to grow

45
Q

Embryo - limitations of cell obtained

A

No limitations, all cell types should be able to be generated under the correct conditions

Biology🍃 (9 decks)

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