Topic Test 3

Question 1

Physiology 

Answer 1

The study of the functions of traits that help organisms deal with problems
The chemical functions of anatomical structure, molecular traits and features of organisms 

Question 2

Variables regulated by homeostasis 

Answer 2

PH temperature water, concentration, concentration of other ions, and substrates blood pressure 

Question 3

Conduction

Answer 3

Heat transfer between two solids

Question 4

Convection 

Answer 4

Heat transfer between a solid and a liquid or gas 

Question 5

Radiation 

Answer 5

Heat transfer between bodies that are not in contact 

Question 6

Evaporation 

Answer 6

Heat loss that occurs through energy required to evaporate water

Question 7

Negative feedback loop

Answer 7

Stimulus, sensor, signalling, control centre (hypothalamus), effectors 

Question 8

Control centre

Answer 8

Aka integrator compares current state to a set point, and sends a signal to initiate the appropriate response to move back towards set point 

Question 9

Effector

Answer 9

Some structure that moves the internal conditions back towards the boys, example shivering hair, raising vasoconstriction 

Question 10

Negative feedback loops 

Answer 10

Constant process that can move internal conditions in either direction to maintain a set point 

Question 11

Conformers 

Answer 11

Internal conditions conform to the external conditions no homeostatic mechanism example ectotherm‘s organisms his internal depends on external temperatures 
Can behaviourally regulate their internal temp by moving to warmer and colder places

Question 12

Surface area to volume ratio 

Answer 12

Smaller object has a larger surface area to volume ratio series object of the lowest surface area to volume ratio. Pyramid is object with the highest more surface area provides more area for diffusion. Smaller organisms, Thusi faster than larger organisms exchange requires surfaces 

Question 13

Regional heterothermy

Answer 13

Where areas of the body vary in temperature example rabbit ears plays a role in various functions where exchange occurs 

Question 14

Countercurrent heat exchange 

Answer 14

Heat from arterial blood flowing from coil transfers to cooler blood returning from appendages and extremities. Heat exchange within the body minimize heat loss at the surface. 

Question 15

How does an ectotherm‘s metabolic rate change? 

Answer 15

And low temperatures, low metabolism and pace of life, normal temperatures, normal, and high temperatures metabolism 

Question 16

Metabolic rate 

Answer 16

Amount of energy expended by an organism in a given time. Depends on temperature for ectotherms. 

Question 17

 Interspecific

Answer 17

Between different species 

Question 18

Absolute metabolic rate versus mass specific 

Answer 18

Absolute rate increases with increasingly large organisms
Mass specific metabolic rate is the metabolic rate per unit of body, mass and smaller organisms have a higher mass, specific metabolic rate and larger organisms because larger organisms are more efficient per unit mass 

Question 19

Why are larger organisms more efficient per unit mass? 

Answer 19

Hypothesis is that surface area to volume ratio is high for small organisms like ground coffee beans they lose internal heat faster than whole coffee beans 

Question 20

 Torpor

Answer 20

State of decreased physiological activity, lower temperature in metabolic rate can happen daily or can happen for days weeks or months, like hibernation can occur with occasional arousals 

Question 21

Heterothermy 

Answer 21

Words to describe organisms to undergo torpor, whose internal temperature varies over time or whose temperature varies across the body (ex ears)

Question 22

Brown adipose cells 

Answer 22

Burn energy for heat, have more mitochondria, and are responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis 

Question 23

What makes mitochondria different in brown adipose tissue? 

Answer 23

Mitochondria have an uncoupling proteins, which allows protons through without creating ATP energy is just dissipated as heat
1. Burns available energy to create proton gradient, but doesn’t produce useable energy
2. Releases energy as heat none shipping thermogenesis 

Question 24

Strategies ectotherms use to avoid freezing

Answer 24

1. Avoid freezing
   Torpor/hibernate,
   Get rid of ice nucleating agents
   Use cryptoprotectants to lower freezing point & avoid freezing
2. Tolerate freezing
   Control where freezing happens (usually in extracellular space) through use of nucleating agents & crypto proteins
   Significant drop in metabolism on freezing temps

Question 25

Supercooling

Answer 25

Antifreeze proteins, lower, freezing point by restricting ability of ice crystals to attach/grow water can drop below freezing and stay liquid mini Antarctic fish have antifreeze proteins 

Question 26

A controlled freeze tolerance includes 

Answer 26

High concentrations of crypto protectant, such as glucose, glycerol and urea that protect intracellular environment
Control ice within body limited to extracellular ice 

Question 27

Acclimatization

Answer 27

Process by which organisms adjust to change in their meant to maintains homeostasis 
Distinct from adaption

Question 28

How do you saturated fatty acids affect membranes? 

Answer 28

They make membranes more rigid


Question 29

How do membranes change depending on temperature? 

Answer 29

More saturated fatty acids are added in warmer temperatures
unsaturated fatty acids are added in colder temperatures

Question 30

Adaptations 

Answer 30

Long term irreversible responses of population over generations 

Question 31

Acclimatization 

Answer 31

Short term, reversible responses of an individual within a lifetime