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BIOL*1070 > Topic Test 2 > Flashcards

Topic Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

A collection of individuals of a single species within a defined area at a specified point in time

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2
Q

How will populations grow if there are no limiting factors 

A

They will grow exponentially 

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3
Q

Exponential growth

A

Aka geometric growth occurs when a population grows at a constant rate, with no limiting factors populations will grow rapidly under ideal conditions 

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4
Q

Doubling time

A

Duration it takes for a population to double in size, reflecting the rate at which individuals reproduce and contribute to population growth 

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5
Q

Logistic growth 

A

Occurs when a population grows at a decreasing rate as it approaches its carrying capacity populations have growth limits 

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6
Q

Carrying capacity 

A

The maximum population size of a given species that can be supported by a particular environment over a sustained period of time, determined by the resources available in that environment example food, water, habitat  it’s a form of density dependence

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7
Q

Density dependence

A

as the population increases the impact of these factors also increases
At high growth rates low density. Often biotic

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8
Q

Density independent factors

A

Impact population size, regardless of the populations, size or density, often abiotic, often random events that effect the population or its key resources. Examples include extreme weather events.

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9
Q

Population growth 

A

Births and immigration are greater than deaths and emigration 

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10
Q

Population decline 

A

Deaths and emigration are greater than births and immigration

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11
Q

Equilibrium 

A

When the births and immigration are equal to the deaths and emigration 

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12
Q

How do species get here? 

A

Endemism
Range expansion
Range shift
Dispersal
Vicariance

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13
Q

Endemism

A

Species evolved here, and is only found in this region

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14
Q

Range expansion

A

Species evolved elsewhere, and then expanded its range to also include this area 

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15
Q

Range shift

A

Species evolve elsewhere, and used to be found elsewhere but its range shifted to include only the current distribution and not the former distribution 

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16
Q

Dispersal

A

Species arrived from somewhere, not nearby example dandelion seeds 

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17
Q

Vicariance

A

Species evolved somewhere under certain environmental conditions, but the physical landscape self moved, exposing species to different environmental conditions example continental drift 

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18
Q

Why aren’t species where they aren’t?

A

1 they haven’t arrived yet,
2 they can’t survive there

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19
Q

Ecological niche

A

Specific set of environmental conditions, including both living biotic, and non-living abiotic conditions, that individuals of a species require to live

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20
Q

Extremophiles

A

Organisms that are able to live in extreme conditions 

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21
Q

Natural boundaries 

A

Examples are tree lines. They are fuzzy, and always changing not set in stone. Transplant experiments contest hypotheses to see if species can with stand outside natural boundaries 

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22
Q

Treatment 

A

Transplant outside current range to see if it can withstand out there 

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23
Q

Control

A

Transplant inside current range, to see the effects of transplanting, and to see if we need to find a better method 

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24
Q

What conclusion can we draw if transplant is successful? 

A

Dispersal was limiting the species

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25
Abiotic factors
Physical and chemical features of an environment that can limit distribution of a species 
26
Biotic factors 
The living things that live within and shape an ecosystem 
27
Fundamental niche
Abiotic conditions that help to identify where organisms can potentially live example temperature precipitation 
28
Range of tolerance 
Refers to range of environmental conditions within which an organism can survive, grow and reproduce. defines the fundamental niche
29
Realized niche 
Where a species will survive, includes both abiotic and biotic factors spaces within the fundamental niche, where the biotic factors are also sufficient, and thus where a species could survive  The dimensions in which a species survives the affects of biotic interactions 
30
 Mutualism
A type of symbiosis 
31
Competition 
The interaction between two species, where the increased abundance of any one species causes the abundance or growth of the other species to decrease 
32
Competitive exclusion principle 
States that if two species with identical, niches compete, then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction 
33
Interference competition 
Direct interactions between individuals or species that impede the access of competitors to essential resources 
34
What can happen when competitors overlap? 
1) temporary co-existence 2) competitive exclusion 3) niche partitioning
35
Temporary coexistence 
Occurs at reduced carrying capacity when both species that share the same niches continue to live in an area but at lower numbers 
36
Competitive exclusion 
One species disappears from that area, if two species niches perfectly overlap the species that is better adapted to the niche will eventually out compete/win against the other Often trade offs to winning such as using more energy
37
Niche partitioning
Both species continue to coexist, but they diverge to occupy slightly different ecological niches within the shared habitat, a change in the realized niche 
38
Character displacement 
If niche partitioning leads to evolutionary change 
39
Key types of ecological interactions 
Mutualism Consumption Commensalism Ammensalism Competition
40
Mutualism
Co existing and reaping the benefits of each other 
41
Consumption
Predation, parasitism and herbivory
42
Commensalism 
One species has a positive effect, while other has no effect 
43
Ammensalism
One species has a negative affect, while other has no effect 
44
Interaction strength 
The influence or impact of one species on another within a community or ecosystem The degree to which one species affects the population size of another Example- increasing foxes has a small effect on turtle but increasing flamingoes would have a large effect on crustaceans 🦞 
45
Ecological net work 
A representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem, in which species are connected by interactions 
46
Topology
Who eats whom
47
Module
Subset of species on a food web food webs are often complex 
48
Bio accumulation 
Gradual buildup of the concentration of substances, such as pollutants or toxins, in tissues and organs of living organisms overtime
49
Biomagnification 
Process by which the concentration of certain substances, such as pollutants or toxins, increases as they move up the food chain 
50
Food chain
Linear sequence of energy flow between organisms - each group is the source of energy/nutrients for the next
51
Tropic level
Position on the food chain that represents a group of organisms sharing the same primary source of nutrition and energy
52
Biomass
The total quantity or weight of organisms in the area
53
Tropic pyramid
The relative amount of biomass at each trophic level in a good chain or food web Illustrates the flow of energy up a good chain
54
Ecological efficiency principle
Only a fraction of the energy and biomass at each trophic level is transferred to the next level Some energy is always lost Often around 10% energy contributes to biomass of next trophic level Most trophic pyramids are wide at bottom and narrow at top Often there isn’t sufficient biomass for higher trophic levels in the food chain
55
Do nutrients get lost
No Nutrients cycle through an ecosystem Carbon nitrogen and phosphorus are particularly important Excess nutrients can be toxic, which is why we change the water tank
56
Many species
More stable ecosystem
57
Fewer species
Less stable ecosystem (ex farm crop)
58
Stability of a population
Maintenance of relatively constant population size over time within a given geographic area
59
Perturbation
Any temporary or permanent changes in the conditions in an ecosystem that disrupt its normal functioning or structure Complex, diverse food webs tend to have a faster return time for perturbations
60
Community
Collection of species, each with its own population, living in a given area at a particular point in time Communities change over time
61
Succession
The process by which the mix of species and habitats in an area changes over time
62
Pioneer species
The first organisms to arrive at barren or disturbed environment New species arrive by dispersal
63
Extirpation
The local extinction of a population on a habitat patch ex. From competition
64
Intermediate species
After the pioneer species have established themselves, but before the climax community, organisms arrive and leave
65
Climax community
Stable community that has reached a relatively steady state through the process of ecological succession
66
What drives succession over time?
Dispersal & competition
67
Traits of pioneer species
High dispersal rates Short lifespan Lots of offsprinrapid growth Tolerant of harsh conditions and poor soil Not good competitors
68
Intermediate traits
Intermediate traits
69
Climax species traits
Slow growth Good competitors Long lifespan Low dispersal rates Not as many offspring Not tolerant of harsh conditions
70
Primary succession
Occurs in a newly formed, previously uninhabited area with no soil ex. Land after volcano eruption
71
Secondary succession
Occurs in an area that has been disturbed but still has a soil layer and some organic matter ex. Wildfires, hurricanes
72
Disturbance
Any physical or environmental event that disrupts the structure or function of an ecosystem Can be neutral or human induced
73
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
The highest species richness will occur at an intermediate level of intensity or frequency of natural disturbance Creates many habitats, but does not drive many species extinct
74
Pioneer species after dispersal
Good at dispersal Grow fast but short Thrive in poor/absent soils Help build soils e
75
Intermediate species
Require some soil nutrients Grow moderately fast and moderately high Moderate dispersal Help build souls more
76
Climax community species
Slow dispersal Grow slowly but very tall Require rich soils Great competitors
77
What happens if disturbance occurs in different parts of the forest at different times
This creates habitat diversity, leading to more plant diversity
78
Biodiversity
The variety and variability of life on earth Number of species present in a given area is a balance of arrivals and extirpations
79
Five key measures of biodiversity
Within a habitat; Alpha diversity Shannon diversity index Species evenness Multiple habitats: Gamma diversity Beta diversity
80
Alpha diversity
Quantifies the number of species in a given area More sampling gets more species We have likely sampled all the species when the curve is saturated
81
Saturated curve
Means plateaued/flattened curve Species richness increases as we examine larger and larger areas
82
Larger areas
Encompass a more diverse range of habitats Are more stable Require more sampling Are more likely to be colonized
83
The theory of island biogeography
Explores the factors influencing species diversity on isolated landmasses Useful for thinking about how colonization and local extinction determine species richness Extends beyond literal islands
84
Species pool
Set of all species that could potentially live in a particular area or habitat (come from mainland)
85
Species pool rules
1) new species colonize islands from nearby sources 2) as more species colonize, fewer are left to disperse to the island 3) as species accumulate on the island, species interactions cause species on the island to go extinct
86
What determines species equilibrium on island
Immigration and extinction rates At some point, colonization by new species equals extinctions on the island
87
Relationship between island distance and dispersal rates
If an island is farther away, it is more difficult to disperse there More isolated islands have Lower colonization rates This reduces the number of species at equilibrium for far away islands For closer islands there is more dispersal, colonization and higher equilibrium
88
Relationship between island size and species #
Small islands generally have fewer species due to less resources and small populations are more vulnerable to go extinct Larger islands support more species and have more niches and less much overlaps = Lowe extinction
89
Species evenness
Measure of the relative abundance of the different species in a given area Proportion of total individuals of a species that each species had
90
Benefits of species evenness calculator
Gives sense of balance Incorporates abundance Quantitative
91
Limitations of species evenness
Populations vary in time Lass intuitive More work *Ignores species composition?
92
Dominant species
Describes most abundant species
93
Shannon diversity index
SDI - incorporates both species richness and relative abundance H’ = a∑ ni x ln(ni) Where ni is the #individuals of a species divided by total number of individuals(all species) Increases with more species evenness
94
Gamma diversity
Quantifies the total number of species across habitats Species richness
95
Benefits of gamma diversity
Simple, intuitive, quick
96
Limitations of gamma diversity
No info on abundance Ignores species composition Ignores habitat differences
97
Beta diversity
Quantifies differences in species composition between habitats
98
Benefits of beta diversity
Captures what is unique in each habitat Easy to measure m
99
Limitations of beta diversity
No info on abundance Rare species are equivalent to abundant species Sensitive to spatial scale

BIOL*1070 (4 decks)

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