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BIOL*1070 > Topic Test 2 > Flashcards

Topic Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

A collection of individuals of a single species within a defined area at a specified point in time

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2
Q

How will populations grow if there are no limiting factors 

A

They will grow exponentially 

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3
Q

Exponential growth

A

Aka geometric growth occurs when a population grows at a constant rate, with no limiting factors populations will grow rapidly under ideal conditions 

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4
Q

Doubling time

A

Duration it takes for a population to double in size, reflecting the rate at which individuals reproduce and contribute to population growth 

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5
Q

Logistic growth 

A

Occurs when a population grows at a decreasing rate as it approaches its carrying capacity populations have growth limits 

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6
Q

Carrying capacity 

A

The maximum population size of a given species that can be supported by a particular environment over a sustained period of time, determined by the resources available in that environment example food, water, habitat  it’s a form of density dependence

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7
Q

Density dependence

A

as the population increases the impact of these factors also increases
At high growth rates low density. Often biotic

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8
Q

Density independent factors

A

Impact population size, regardless of the populations, size or density, often abiotic, often random events that effect the population or its key resources. Examples include extreme weather events.

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9
Q

Population growth 

A

Births and immigration are greater than deaths and emigration 

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10
Q

Population decline 

A

Deaths and emigration are greater than births and immigration

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11
Q

Equilibrium 

A

When the births and immigration are equal to the deaths and emigration 

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12
Q

How do species get here? 

A

Endemism
Range expansion
Range shift
Dispersal
Vicariance

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13
Q

Endemism

A

Species evolved here, and is only found in this region

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14
Q

Range expansion

A

Species evolved elsewhere, and then expanded its range to also include this area 

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15
Q

Range shift

A

Species evolve elsewhere, and used to be found elsewhere but its range shifted to include only the current distribution and not the former distribution 

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16
Q

Dispersal

A

Species arrived from somewhere, not nearby example dandelion seeds 

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17
Q

Vicariance

A

Species evolved somewhere under certain environmental conditions, but the physical landscape self moved, exposing species to different environmental conditions example continental drift 

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18
Q

Why aren’t species where they aren’t?

A

1 they haven’t arrived yet,
2 they can’t survive there

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19
Q

Ecological niche

A

Specific set of environmental conditions, including both living biotic, and non-living abiotic conditions, that individuals of a species require to live

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20
Q

Extremophiles

A

Organisms that are able to live in extreme conditions 

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21
Q

Natural boundaries 

A

Examples are tree lines. They are fuzzy, and always changing not set in stone. Transplant experiments contest hypotheses to see if species can with stand outside natural boundaries 

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22
Q

Treatment 

A

Transplant outside current range to see if it can withstand out there 

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23
Q

Control

A

Transplant inside current range, to see the effects of transplanting, and to see if we need to find a better method 

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24
Q

What conclusion can we draw if transplant is successful? 

A

Dispersal was limiting the species

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25
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Physical and chemical features of an environment that can limit distribution of a species 

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26
Q

Biotic factors 

A

The living things that live within and shape an ecosystem 

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27
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Abiotic conditions that help to identify where organisms can potentially live example temperature precipitation 

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28
Q

Range of tolerance 

A

Refers to range of environmental conditions within which an organism can survive, grow and reproduce. defines the fundamental niche

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29
Q

Realized niche 

A

Where a species will survive,
includes both abiotic and biotic factors
spaces within the fundamental niche, where the biotic factors are also sufficient, and thus where a species could survive 
The dimensions in which a species survives the affects of biotic interactions 

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30
Q

 Mutualism

A

A type of symbiosis 

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31
Q

Competition 

A

The interaction between two species, where the increased abundance of any one species causes the abundance or growth of the other species to decrease 

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32
Q

Competitive exclusion principle 

A

States that if two species with identical, niches compete, then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction 

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33
Q

Interference competition 

A

Direct interactions between individuals or species that impede the access of competitors to essential resources 

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34
Q

What can happen when competitors overlap? 

A

1) temporary co-existence
2) competitive exclusion
3) niche partitioning

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35
Q

Temporary coexistence 

A

Occurs at reduced carrying capacity when both species that share the same niches continue to live in an area but at lower numbers 

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36
Q

Competitive exclusion 

A

One species disappears from that area, if two species niches perfectly overlap the species that is better adapted to the niche will eventually out compete/win against the other
Often trade offs to winning such as using more energy

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37
Q

Niche partitioning

A

Both species continue to coexist, but they diverge to occupy slightly different ecological niches within the shared habitat,
a change in the realized niche 

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38
Q

Character displacement 

A

If niche partitioning leads to evolutionary change 

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39
Q

Key types of ecological interactions 

A

Mutualism
Consumption
Commensalism
Ammensalism
Competition

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40
Q

Mutualism

A

Co existing and reaping the benefits of each other 

41
Q

Consumption

A

Predation, parasitism and herbivory

42
Q

Commensalism 

A

One species has a positive effect, while other has no effect 

43
Q

Ammensalism

A

One species has a negative affect, while other has no effect 

44
Q

Interaction strength 

A

The influence or impact of one species on another within a community or ecosystem
The degree to which one species affects the population size of another
Example- increasing foxes has a small effect on turtle but increasing flamingoes would have a large effect on crustaceans 🦞 

45
Q

Ecological net work 

A

A representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem, in which species are connected by interactions 

46
Q

Topology

A

Who eats whom

47
Q

Module

A

Subset of species on a food web
food webs are often complex 

48
Q

Bio accumulation 

A

Gradual buildup of the concentration of substances, such as pollutants or toxins, in tissues and organs of living organisms overtime

49
Q

Biomagnification 

A

Process by which the concentration of certain substances, such as pollutants or toxins, increases as they move up the food chain 

50
Q

Food chain

A

Linear sequence of energy flow between organisms - each group is the source of energy/nutrients for the next

51
Q

Tropic level

A

Position on the food chain that represents a group of organisms sharing the same primary source of nutrition and energy

52
Q

Biomass

A

The total quantity or weight of organisms in the area

53
Q

Tropic pyramid

A

The relative amount of biomass at each trophic level in a good chain or food web
Illustrates the flow of energy up a good chain

54
Q

Ecological efficiency principle

A

Only a fraction of the energy and biomass at each trophic level is transferred to the next level
Some energy is always lost
Often around 10% energy contributes to biomass of next trophic level
Most trophic pyramids are wide at bottom and narrow at top
Often there isn’t sufficient biomass for higher trophic levels in the food chain

55
Q

Do nutrients get lost

A

No
Nutrients cycle through an ecosystem
Carbon nitrogen and phosphorus are particularly important
Excess nutrients can be toxic, which is why we change the water tank

56
Q

Many species

A

More stable ecosystem

57
Q

Fewer species

A

Less stable ecosystem (ex farm crop)

58
Q

Stability of a population

A

Maintenance of relatively constant population size over time within a given geographic area

59
Q

Perturbation

A

Any temporary or permanent changes in the conditions in an ecosystem that disrupt its normal functioning or structure
Complex, diverse food webs tend to have a faster return time for perturbations

60
Q

Community

A

Collection of species, each with its own population, living in a given area at a particular point in time
Communities change over time

61
Q

Succession

A

The process by which the mix of species and habitats in an area changes over time

62
Q

Pioneer species

A

The first organisms to arrive at barren or disturbed environment
New species arrive by dispersal

63
Q

Extirpation

A

The local extinction of a population on a habitat patch ex. From competition

64
Q

Intermediate species

A

After the pioneer species have established themselves, but before the climax community, organisms arrive and leave

65
Q

Climax community

A

Stable community that has reached a relatively steady state through the process of ecological succession

66
Q

What drives succession over time?

A

Dispersal & competition

67
Q

Traits of pioneer species

A

High dispersal rates
Short lifespan
Lots of offsprinrapid growth
Tolerant of harsh conditions and poor soil
Not good competitors

68
Q

Intermediate traits

A

Intermediate traits

69
Q

Climax species traits

A

Slow growth
Good competitors
Long lifespan
Low dispersal rates
Not as many offspring
Not tolerant of harsh conditions

70
Q

Primary succession

A

Occurs in a newly formed, previously uninhabited area with no soil ex. Land after volcano eruption

71
Q

Secondary succession

A

Occurs in an area that has been disturbed but still has a soil layer and some organic matter ex. Wildfires, hurricanes

72
Q

Disturbance

A

Any physical or environmental event that disrupts the structure or function of an ecosystem
Can be neutral or human induced

73
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

The highest species richness will occur at an intermediate level of intensity or frequency of natural disturbance
Creates many habitats, but does not drive many species extinct

74
Q

Pioneer species after dispersal

A

Good at dispersal
Grow fast but short
Thrive in poor/absent soils
Help build soils e

75
Q

Intermediate species

A

Require some soil nutrients
Grow moderately fast and moderately high
Moderate dispersal
Help build souls more

76
Q

Climax community species

A

Slow dispersal
Grow slowly but very tall
Require rich soils
Great competitors

77
Q

What happens if disturbance occurs in different parts of the forest at different times

A

This creates habitat diversity, leading to more plant diversity

78
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety and variability of life on earth
Number of species present in a given area is a balance of arrivals and extirpations

79
Q

Five key measures of biodiversity

A

Within a habitat;
Alpha diversity
Shannon diversity index
Species evenness

Multiple habitats:
Gamma diversity
Beta diversity

80
Q

Alpha diversity

A

Quantifies the number of species in a given area
More sampling gets more species
We have likely sampled all the species when the curve is saturated

81
Q

Saturated curve

A

Means plateaued/flattened curve
Species richness increases as we examine larger and larger areas

82
Q

Larger areas

A

Encompass a more diverse range of habitats
Are more stable
Require more sampling
Are more likely to be colonized

83
Q

The theory of island biogeography

A

Explores the factors influencing species diversity on isolated landmasses
Useful for thinking about how colonization and local extinction determine species richness
Extends beyond literal islands

84
Q

Species pool

A

Set of all species that could potentially live in a particular area or habitat (come from mainland)

85
Q

Species pool rules

A

1) new species colonize islands from nearby sources
2) as more species colonize, fewer are left to disperse to the island
3) as species accumulate on the island, species interactions cause species on the island to go extinct

86
Q

What determines species equilibrium on island

A

Immigration and extinction rates
At some point, colonization by new species equals extinctions on the island

87
Q

Relationship between island distance and dispersal rates

A

If an island is farther away, it is more difficult to disperse there
More isolated islands have Lower colonization rates
This reduces the number of species at equilibrium for far away islands
For closer islands there is more dispersal, colonization and higher equilibrium

88
Q

Relationship between island size and species #

A

Small islands generally have fewer species due to less resources and small populations are more vulnerable to go extinct
Larger islands support more species and have more niches and less much overlaps = Lowe extinction

89
Q

Species evenness

A

Measure of the relative abundance of the different species in a given area
Proportion of total individuals of a species that each species had

90
Q

Benefits of species evenness calculator

A

Gives sense of balance
Incorporates abundance
Quantitative

91
Q

Limitations of species evenness

A

Populations vary in time
Lass intuitive
More work
*Ignores species composition?

92
Q

Dominant species

A

Describes most abundant species

93
Q

Shannon diversity index

A

SDI - incorporates both species richness and relative abundance
H’ = a∑ ni x ln(ni)
Where ni is the #individuals of a species divided by total number of individuals(all species)

Increases with more species evenness

94
Q

Gamma diversity

A

Quantifies the total number of species across habitats
Species richness

95
Q

Benefits of gamma diversity

A

Simple, intuitive, quick

96
Q

Limitations of gamma diversity

A

No info on abundance
Ignores species composition
Ignores habitat differences

97
Q

Beta diversity

A

Quantifies differences in species composition between habitats

98
Q

Benefits of beta diversity

A

Captures what is unique in each habitat
Easy to measure m

99
Q

Limitations of beta diversity

A

No info on abundance
Rare species are equivalent to abundant species
Sensitive to spatial scale

BIOL*1070 (4 decks)

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