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Biol 1070 > Topic Test 2 > Flashcards

Topic Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a population

A

a collection of individuals of a single species within a defined area at a specified point in time

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2
Q

How are populations dynamic

A

they change over time (ie. in the number of individuals)

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3
Q

What is exponential growth in relation to ecology

A

occurs when a population grows at a constant rate with no limiting factors

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4
Q

What is doubling time

A

the duration it takes for a population to double in size, reflecting the rate at which individuals reproduce and contribute to population growth

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5
Q

Can exponential growth continue forever

A

no

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6
Q

What is logistic growth

A

occurs when a population grows at a decreasing rate as it approaches its carrying capacity (explains why exponential growth does not go on forever)

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7
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size of a given species that can be supported by a particular environment over a sustained period of time

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8
Q

What determines carrying capacity

A

the resources available in that environment

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9
Q

What is carrying capacity a form of

A

density dependance

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10
Q

What is density dependance

A

the growth, mortality, or other vital rates of a population are influenced by that populations density or size
- as density increases, impact of these factors also increases, slowing growth

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11
Q

What are some examples of biotic factors that limit growth

A

limited resources, predation, disease, etc.

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12
Q

What type of factors are often density-independent and impact growth

A

abiotic

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13
Q

What are examples of abiotic factors that limit population

A

extreme weather, natural disasters, climate, etc.

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14
Q

What is the term for when a species evolves somewhere and is only found in that region

A

endemism

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15
Q

What is the term for when a species evolves elsewhere and expands its range to include the new area

A

range expansion

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16
Q

What is the term for when a species evolves elsewhere and used to be found elsewhere, but the range shifted to include only the current area and not the former area

A

range shift

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17
Q

What is the term for when a species arrived from somewhere else not nearby

A

dispersal

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18
Q

What is the term for when a species evolved under certain environmental conditions and the physical landscape itself moved, thus exposing those species to different conditions (ie. insertion of a mountain range through a range)

A

vicariance

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19
Q

What are the two base explanations for why a species isn’t where it isn’t

A
  1. hasn’t arrived to new space yet
  2. cannot survive in the new space
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20
Q

What is the treatment in transplant experiments

A

transplanting outside of current range

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21
Q

What is the control in transplant experiments

A

transplant inside of the current range

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22
Q

What would prevent a species from surviving when transplanted in terms of abiotic factors

A

pH, temp, etc.

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23
Q

What would prevent a species from surviving when transplanted in terms of biotic factors

A

eg. predators

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24
Q

What shapes a species distribution

A

its ecological niche

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25
Q

What is an ecological niche

A

the position of a species within an ecosystem, describing both the range of there conditions necessary for persistence of the species, and its ecological role in the ecosystem

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26
Q

What is the range of tolerance of a species

A

the range of environmental conditions within which an organism can survive, grow, and reproduce

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27
Q

The range of tolerance determines _________________ _____________

A

fundamental niche

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28
Q

What is the realized niche

A

where a species could ACTUALLY live

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29
Q

What factors impact fundamental niche

A

abiotic

30
Q

What factors impact realized niche

A

biotic

31
Q

The _______________ niche is the potential range, and the _______________ niche is the actual range

A

potential range = fundamental niche
actual range = realized niche

32
Q

What is mutualism a type of

A

symbiosis

33
Q

What is competition between species

A

competition is the interaction between two species where the increased abundance of any one species causes the abundance or growth of the other species to decrease

34
Q

What is the completive exclusion principle

A

if two species with identical niches compete, one will inevitably drive the other to extinction

35
Q

What is exploitive competition

A

refers to the “indirect” competition between individuals or species for limited resources within an environment (fighting over same resource)

36
Q

What is interference competition

A

refers to “direct” interactions between individuals or species that impede the access of competitors to essential resources (fighting one another directly)

37
Q

In order for competition to meet the definitions, must occur in both directions

A

negative impact must go both ways

38
Q

What is temporary coexistence

A

2 competitors live in the same area but at lower numbers (reduced carrying capacity)

39
Q

What is competitive exclusion

A

one species eventually disappears from the area

40
Q

What is niche partitioning

A

both species continue to co-exist but they diverge to occupy slightly different ecological niches within the shared habitat (change in realized niche)

41
Q

If niche partitioning leads to evolutionary change, what is it called

A

character displacement

42
Q

When two species have a positive impact on one another, what is that called

A

mutualism

43
Q

When one species positively impacts another species, but that species is negatively impacting the original species, what is that called

A

consumption (ie. predation, parasitism, herbivory)

44
Q

If both species negatively impact one another, what is that called

A

competition

45
Q

What is commensalism

A

one species impacts another in a positive way, but that species has no impact (good or bad) on the initial species

46
Q

What is amensalism

A

one species impacts another negatively, but that species has no impact (good or bad) on the initial species

47
Q

What is interaction strength

A

refers to the influence or impact of one species on another within a community or ecosystem

48
Q

What is topology

A

who eats who

49
Q

What is an example of indirect interaction

A

increasing ones species abundance can directly impact prey abundance lower in the food chain (ie increase in humans decrease levels of Atlantic cod due to fishing, subsequently increasing schooling fish levels)

50
Q

What is bioaccumulation

A

the build-up of substances such as pollutants or toxins in the tissues or organs of living organisms over time

51
Q

What is biomagnification

A

refers to the process by which the concentration of certain substances such as pollutants or toxins increases as they move up the food chain

52
Q

How is an ecosystem more stable

A

more species

53
Q

How is an ecosystem less stable

A

less species

54
Q

What is the principle of ecological efficiency

A

only a fraction of the energy and biomass at each trophic level is transferred to the next level

55
Q

Can nutrients get “lost”

A

no, they cycle constantly

56
Q

What is a perturbation

A

any temporary or permanent change in the conditions in an ecosystem that disrupts its normal functioning or structure

57
Q

What is a community

A

collection of species (each of their own population) living in a given area at a point in time

58
Q

What is succession

A

the process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time

59
Q

What is extirpation

A

the local extinction of a population on a habitat patch (not fully extinct, just to that area)

60
Q

What is a climax community

A

a stable community that has reached a relatively steady state through the process of ecological succession

61
Q

What is primary succession

A

occurs in a newly formed previously uninhabited area with no soil (ie. after a volcanic eruption)

62
Q

What is secondary succession

A

occurs in an area that has been disturbed but still has a soil layer and some organic matter (ie. after a forest fire)

63
Q

What is alpha diversity

A

quantifies number of different species in a given area (measured as species richness)

64
Q

What is the trend with species richness (alpha diversity) and size of area examined

A

the larger the area examined, the larger the species richness will be
- “species-area relationship”

65
Q

What is species evenness

A

measures the relative abundance of the different species in a given area

66
Q

What is the Shannon Diversity Index

A

incorporates both species richness and relative abundance

67
Q

What is the relationship of Shannon Diversity Index values

A

the higher the value, the greater the species richness and evenness

68
Q

What is gamma diversity

A

total number of species across two habitats

69
Q

What is beta diversity

A

quantifies only the differences between two habitats (like a Venn diagram)

70
Q

What are the 5 important biodiversity metrics

A

species richness = alpha diversity
species evenness = relative abundance
species evenness and richness = SDI
species difference between habitats = beta
species richness across all habitats = gamma

Biol 1070 (2 decks)

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