Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 1070 > Topic Test 1 > Flashcards

Topic Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a trait

A

an observable characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a phenotype

A

what value of a trait is observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a quantitative trait

A

traits where phenotype can be measured on a continuous scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a qualitative trait

A

traits where the phenotype is measured on a categorical scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are morphological traits

A

traits where the phenotype has to do with the shape, structure, colour, pattern, or size of an individual or species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are behavioural traits

A

traits where the phenotype has to do with the behaviour of an individual/species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are life history traits

A

traits related to the timing of development and reproduction; longevity, size/number of offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two variations of traits

A

heritable and non-genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is heritability

A

a measure of how important genetics are to determining a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity

A

when the exact same genotype produces different phenotypes in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

traits that vary between biological sexes in a species (usually specific to certain traits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of species is sexual dimorphism relevant to

A

dioecious species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a dioecious species

A

species that have separate males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does biodiversity typically refer to

A

the total number of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Scientific research usually has a __________ and __________ team, but focuses on a _____________ question or concept

A

big and diverse team
specific concept or question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Biological traits are ______________ characteristics of an individual

A

observable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the different ways traits can vary

A

heritability, plasticity, and whether they are sexually dimorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is evolution

A

the process that results in changes in the proportion of heritable traits within populations from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms/forces that drive evolutionary changes

A
  1. natural selection
  2. mutation
  3. genetic drift
  4. gene flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the only mechanism of evolution that leads to adaptations

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution that leads to…

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are adaptations in terms of evolution

A

traits that provide a “fit” between an organism and its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Darwins 3 postulates

A
  1. phenotypic variation exists within a population
  2. differential reproduction/survival occurs based on that phenotypic variation
  3. this variation is genetically heritable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If Darwins 3 postulates are true, what is occurring

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Do populations adapt because they “need” to?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why don’t populations adapt due to needs

A

natural selection lags behind environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What quality do the “fittest” organisms have

A

most successful at passing on their genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is fitness a measure of

A

how many successful offspring an organism creates (NOT a measure of traits like speed or strength)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Traits that increase reproduction are ________________

A

adaptive

30
Q

What is directional selection

A

when the variation moves up or down the scale but distribution remains constant (ie. beak size average increases by 10%, but the distribution remains, just moves up on the graph)

31
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

when the genetic variants lead to extremes (ie. smallest and largest in the distribution become closer to the average, creating a steeper peak and shorter distribution)

32
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

genetic variants lead to average becoming less common than ends of the spectrum

33
Q

Is evolution synonymous with natural selection?

A

no

34
Q

Are mutations random or directed

A

random

35
Q

What is the form of selection when it shifts in one direction

A

directional

36
Q

What is the form of selection when variation is reduced

A

stabilizing

37
Q

What is the form of selection when it favours the extreme values and average is reduced

A

disruptive

38
Q

What does it mean for natural selection to “not be directional”

A

what is adaptive now is not necessarily adaptive tomorrow, it changes

39
Q

What would cause rates of natural selection to increase

A

high natural pressures

40
Q

What is a gene

A

a sequence of DNA that encodes for a functional product

41
Q

What are alleles

A

different versions of info that could be encoded for a given gene

42
Q

Do most mutations lead to new phenotype

A

no

43
Q

In order for mutations to influence evolution where must they occur

A

in gametes (sex cells)

44
Q

What is genetic drift

A

change in allelic frequencies that happen through random chance

45
Q

When is genetic drift occurring

A

always!

46
Q

What populations are affected more by genetic drift; small or large

A

small (think in terms of probability)

47
Q

What is gene flow

A

the flow of individuals of the same species from one population to another

48
Q

What is speciation

A

when individuals from a species diverge and isolate, and develop unique features that the original population doesn’t have

49
Q

Speciation requires ____________ __________

A

gene flow

50
Q

Evolution can be understood as _________ frequencies over time

A

allelic

51
Q

What is the purpose of a phylogenetic tree

A

depict evolutionary relationships between different taxa

52
Q

When are species the most commonly related

A

when they have a more recent common ancestor

53
Q

What is a clade

A

monophyletic: common ancestor and all of its descendants (think about making a cut on the tree, everything that comes off is a clade)

54
Q

What is meant by paraphyletic

A

common ancestor and a subset of its descendants (but not all)

55
Q

What is meant by polyphyletic

A

two species that share a trait because of convergent evolution

56
Q

What is shared ancestry

A

traits shown by different individuals as a result of inheritance (the trait is SHARED)

57
Q

What is convergent ancestry

A

traits shown by different individuals as a result of random inheritance (not directly related on the tree)

58
Q

Convergent evolution is also called…

A

homoplasy

59
Q

What is homoplasy

A

convergent ancestry: common traits not by direct inheritance

60
Q

What is homology

A

shared ancestry: common traits inherited

61
Q

What is parsimony

A

the most likely set up of a phylogenetic tree

62
Q

What is a species

A

a group of individuals that actually or potentially inbreed in nature
biological species concept

63
Q

What is the biological species concept

A

“a group of individuals that actually or potentially inbreed in nature” in terms of what is a species

64
Q

What does the morphological species concept define species by

A

physical characteristics

65
Q

What does the ecological species concept define species by

A

ecological roles and interactions

66
Q

What does the phylogenetic species concept define species by

A

evolutionary relationships and genetic data

67
Q

What does the genotypic cluster concept define species by

A

uses genetic data to identify distinct clusters of individuals

68
Q

Speciation requires…

A

reproductive isolation

69
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

species splits due to geographical barrier

70
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

species splits by reproductive separation even though they are in the same place

Biol 1070 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions