TOPIC(S) TEST Flashcards

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1
Q

What are buses?

A

A physical set of parallel wires connecting and carrying groups of bits between several components of a computer

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2
Q

What is pipelining?

A

The process of completing the FDE cycles of three separate instructions simultaneously

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3
Q

What is the address bus?

A

Carries the memory address to identity where data is read from or written to

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4
Q

What is an instruction set?

A

A set of instructions written in machine code that can be recognised by a given processing unit/CPU

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the MDR?

A
  • Used to temporarily store data which is read from or written to memory
  • All data to and from memory must travel down the data bus and pass through the MDR
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6
Q

What is a GPU?

A

A co-processor which has lots of independent processors working parallel making it efficient at tasks

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7
Q

What is a co-processor?

A
  • Any additional processor used for a specialised task
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8
Q

Features of CISC

A
  • Aims to complete a task in as few lines of assembly code as possible
  • Complicated hardware and circuitry so it can understand and execute a series of operations
  • Makers efficient use of RAM
  • Used in laptops and desktop computers
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the CU?

A
  • Controls and coordinates all activities of the CPU
  • Directs the flow of data between the CPU and other devices
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10
Q

What is the process of the Simple Instruction Multiple Data SIMD?

A

Parallel processing is where a processor carries out a single instruction on multiple data items at the same time

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11
Q

What are the differences between GPUs and CPUs?

A

_ CPUs are generic processing units / GPUs are highly specialised
- CPUs excel at performing complex operations on small data sets (Vice versa)
- GPUS are designed so a single instruction can work over a large block of similar data

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12
Q

Von Neumann architecture

A
  • Shared space for data and instruction (same format)
  • A single CU/processor follow a linear FDE cycle
  • One instruction at a time
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13
Q

What are the features of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC?)

A
  • Uses simple instructions which is executed within one clock cycle
  • Uses less complex hardware so there’s more space for cache and registers
  • Used in smartphones and embedded systems
  • Heavy use of RAM (bottlenecks if limited)
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14
Q

What is an output?

A

Any device that can take data stored in digital form and convert it into a form that humans can process e.g. sound

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15
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

The process of program instructions by dividing them between multiple processors or processor cores

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16
Q

What is optical storage?

A

Data is stored in the reflectivity (pits and lands) of a surface and is read from and written to by a laser

17
Q

What is the purpose of the MIMD?

A

multiple instructions carried out on multiple data across several cores

18
Q

What is magnetic storage?

A

Relies on the polarisation of magnetic particles to store bits on a magnetic material which is typically moved mechanically

19
Q

What is a multicore processor?

A
  • Single chip containing two or more independent processing units
  • Each core can fetch, decode and execute its own instructions
20
Q

What is an input?

A

Any device that allows you to pass information from the outside world into a computer system

21
Q

Harvard architecture

A
  • Instructions and data stored in separate memory unit (own bus)
  • Reading and writing an instruction can be done at the same time as fetching an instruction
  • Used by RISC processors
22
Q

What is a Power On Self Test?

A

Sends signals to all connected components and makes the CPU aware that they all exist

23
Q

What is solid state/flash storage?

A

Solid state technology that stores data on a collection of memory chips
- No moving parts as data is accessed by software

24
Q

What is cloud storage?

A

The concept of receiving and retrieving data on the internet in the cloud instead of a local storage device

25
Q

What is the purpose of thinking ahead?

A
  • Allows developers to consider problems or difficulties which may arise when the software is used
26
Q

What are pre-conditions?

A
  • Conditions that already exist which may affect how you devise a solution to a problem
  • Requirements which must be met before a program is executed
27
Q

How is caching used in storing web pages?

A
  • Web pages a user frequently uses will be cached so the next time it’s needed, content can be loaded without delay
  • Reduces the requests from the client to the web server and vice versa
27
Q

What are the advantages of caching web pages?

A
  • Content can be loaded without delay
  • Images and texts do not have be downloaded multiple times
  • Frees bandwidth for other tasks on a network
  • Less time is spent waiting
27
Q

What is pre-fetching?

A

Involves data being requested from RAM by the processor before it is required

28
Q

Give limitations of caching

A
  • Accuracy of algorithms used in prefetching/wrong data is often fetched and cached which then has to be removed
  • Maintaining correct sequence of data is problematic
  • Predictive logic - caching algorithms are complicated to implement
28
Q

State some advantages of using reusable program components

A
  • Shortens development time
  • Saves systems resources
  • Lowers development costs
  • Reduces redundant code
29
Q

What is an advantage of caching?

A
  • Faster retrieval times as fetched data from secondary storage is much slower than fetching from RAM
30
Q

What are the advantages of pre-written routines?

A
  • Already compiled, tested and error free
  • Use of libraries aves development time
  • May have been written indifferent source language
  • Programmers can take advantage of other programmers’ expertise
31
Q

What are the advantages of decomposition?

A

Makes problems easier to solve
Different people can work on different parts of the problem at the same time (reducing development time)
Program components developed in one program can easily be used in other programs

32
Q

What are the advantages of procedural programming?

A
  • Easier to test and debug code
  • Subroutines can be called many times, reducing the amount of repeated code
  • Subroutines can manipulate shared data
33
Q

What does it mean to be pre-emptive?

A

Changing what processing state is in the running state to the waiting state, ready for another process