Topic quiz 1

Question 1

Which of the following best describes sex differences in the production of testosterone?

Question 1 options:

Sex differences in testosterone are a common misconception. Both sexes produce equal amounts of testosterone.

Both sexes produce testosterone, but males produce much more during certain phases of development.

At certain phases of development, males produce more testosterone, but in other phases, females produce far more.

Testosterone is the male hormone while estrogen and progesterone are the female hormones.

Answer 1

b

Question 2

Which of the following is the most likely the explanation of the evidence presented by MacNell and colleagues’ (2015) study on gender bias in teaching evaluations?

Question 2 options:

Gender bias in teaching evaluations is driven by explicit, conscious sexism.

Instructor evaluations are biased by gender stereotypes outside of students’ awareness.

Bias in evaluations favoring men is mainly driven by the attitudes of male students.

Individualistic, Western culture increases gender bias in teaching evaluations favouring men.

Answer 2

b

Question 3

Which of the following have researchers found as a downside or limitation of the “women-are-wonderful effect?”

Question 3 options:

Working-class women are stereotyped as lower in both communion and agency than middle-class women.

Men are more liked than women because of their stereotyped agency.

Men are perceived as more moral because of their stereotyped agency.

Nontraditional women are stereotyped as more warm relative to other social groups.

Answer 3

a

Question 5

Which of the following chromosomal conditions is typically represented with a female gender identity, fertile, taller than average, and female-typical anatomy and an increased risk for learning disabilities?

Question 5 options:

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner’s syndrome

Triple X syndrome

Jacob’s syndrome

Answer 5

c

Question 6

What are the three major classes of steroid hormones produced by the gonads?

Question 6 options:

estrogens, progestins, and androgens.

estradiol, progesterone, and androgens

glucocorticoids, androgens, and testosterone

glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens

Answer 6

a

Question 7

Cole (2009) encourages psychologists to adopt a more intersectional approach when conducting research by taking which of the following steps?

Question 7 options:

look for differences in participants’ experiences, despite their shared identities

isolate specific categories under study, such as only sex or race

ignore who they are including or excluding in their studies

consider the role of structural inequalities in shaping participants’ experiences

Answer 7

d

Question 8

The complex series of processes that unfolds as embryos transition into an individual with male, female, or intersex genitalia is called _________.

Question 8 options:

genderization

sex selection

sex differentiation

gender assignment

Answer 8

c

Question 9

What comments regarding the underrepresentation of women in science–made by former Harvard president, Lawrence Summers–sparked controversy at a 2005 conference, ultimately leading to his resignation?

Question 9 options:

that women are less competitive and thus less likely to excel at the highest levels of science

that women are socialized to pursue more communal occupations

that men have greater natural aptitudes at the highest levels of math and science

that sexism is virtually nonexistent in modern society

Answer 9

c

Question 10

The study of biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes get expressed or activated is called ______.

Question 10 options:

epigenetics

bio-genetics

meta-genetics

eugenics

Answer 10

a

Question 11

What best describes what the bulk of research shows regarding sex differences in general mental ability?

Question 11 options:

small differences that do not consistently favor one particular sex

consistent but small differences favouring females

consistent but small differences favoring males

differences favouring females prior to puberty and small differences favouring males thereafter

Answer 11

a

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE of the history of acceptance of nonbinary categories of sex and gender in Western cultures?

Question 12 options:

In Western cultures, people who are born intersex are typically assigned to a third gender category.

Western cultures have historically been more open to nonbinary gender options than non-Western cultures.

Australia remains the only developed nation to recognize a third gender option.

Nine U.S. states recognize a nonbinary gender status on driver’s licenses

Answer 12

d

Question 13

What best summarizes the evidence on sex differences in math ability?

Question 13 options:

Moderate sex differences favoring males emerge in both older and more recent meta-analyses.

Small differences favoring boys sometimes emerge in complex math problems, but these gaps virtually disappear with greater gender equality.

Across different types of math ability, the effect size of sex differences is consistently zero.

When meta-analyses control for gender equality, consistent sex differences favoring women emerge.

Answer 13

b

Question 14

What is a ‘spandrel’?

Question 14 options:

A phenotypic trait that is a byproduct of excessive testosterone exposure in the womb.

A phenotypic trait that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection (e.g., navigation in males).

Any genetic abnormality that results in ambiguous genitalia.

A genetic abnormality that results in an advantage for one sex over the other.

Answer 14

b

Question 15

Which of the following BEST represents an intersectional perspective?

Question 15 options:

researching Black women’s experiences of both racism and sexism

examining how young men are impacted by ageism

examining differences between women and men

studying how women are affected by sexism

Answer 15

a

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of the pushback in recent years regarding sex and gender equality?

Question 16 options:

The United Nations endorsed an initiative called “Planet 50-50 by 2030: Step It Up for Gender Equality.”

A ban on transgender people serving openly in the military was reinstated.

Laverne Cox became the first openly transgender person to win an Emmy award.

The Me Too Movement went viral on Twitter.

Answer 16

b

Question 17

To address the ambiguity of biological and social causes of sex differences, Alice Eagly (2013) suggests using “sex” to refer to _________ and “gender” to __________.

Question 17 options:

biological categories; social meaning given to those categories

categories of people; the meanings given to different sex categories

culturally constructed differences; biological differences

a chosen social identity; a category given to you at birth

Answer 17

b

Question 18

Experimental methods in gender research can be especially challenging because ___________.

Question 18 options:

self-report measures of gender identity are especially unreliable

the independent and dependent variables are difficult to operationalize

sex and gender identity cannot be easily or ethically manipulated

the field is more prone to bias than other social science research

Answer 18

c

Question 19

Researchers have found the size of sex difference in reading ability correlates with ________________.

Question 19 options:

national indices of gender equality

the size of sex differences in math abilities

indicators of women’s health

age

Answer 19

a

Question 20

What does it mean to be ‘cis’ gender?

Question 20 options:

When one’s gender identity and gender expression align with the assigned birth sex.

When one’s assigned birth sex and gender identity align.

When one’s gender identity and gender expression do not align with the assigned birth sex.

When one’s sexual orientation is different from their assigned birth sex.

Answer 20

a

Question 21

Which of the following is the best example of nurture (environmental factors) influencing nature (biological differences)?

Question 21 options:

naturally artistic parents exposing their children to the arts at an early age

a genetically shy person deliberately choosing quieter environments

the finding that girls who experience higher family stress tend to have an earlier age of menstruation

the relationship between violent media exposure in childhood and aggression in adulthood

Answer 21

c

Question 22

Research shows that ______ is an effective strategy for increasing tendencies to view people as unique individuals, as similar to ourselves, and to like them.

Question 22 options:

describing people in agentic rather than communal traits

participating in intergroup competitions

considering the multiple subgroups that people belong to

stereotyping people according to superordinate rather than subordinate identities

Answer 22

c

Question 23

Which of the following is one of Deaux and Lewis’s (1984) proposed four components of gender stereotypes?

Question 23 options:

verbal characteristics

physical appearance

physical abilities

intelligence

Answer 23

b

Question 24

While on average women are rated more highly than men on traits such as ______, men are rated more highly on ______.

Question 24 options:

emotional sensitivity; cooperativeness

kindness; assertiveness

competence; agreeableness

effectiveness; competitiveness

Answer 24

b

Question 25

Which of the following best represents the order of the scientific process?

Question 25 options:

study design → generate hypothesis → disseminate results → collection and analysis

study design → collection and analysis → generate hypothesis → disseminate results

A. generate hypothesis → replicate → collection and analysis→study design

generate hypothesis → study design → collection and analysis → disseminate results

Answer 25

d

Question 26

Psychologists at the end of the 19th century attempted to make a scientific case for women’s intellectual inferiority based upon what questionable assumption?

Question 26 options:

The mass and volume of the brain reflects differences in intelligence.

Testosterone is linked to neural development.

Emotions interfere with abstract reasoning and logical deduction.

There is more variance in men’s intelligence, leading to higher proportions of men in the tail ends of the distribution.

Answer 26

a

Question 27

According to Yee Won Chong in ‘Beyond the Gender Binary”, which of the following is NOT one of the tips they provide for being a good ally to non-binary conforming friends?

Question 27 options:

Consider whether the question you are about to ask is something you would be comfortable answering for yourself.

Do not tolerate anti-transgender remarks or humor.

Assume everyone knows what bathroom they are in.

Do not assume everyone goes by he/she. Instead, use their name or preferred pronouns (if known).

Offer to attend doctor’s appointments and other potentially uncomfortable meetings with your non-binary conforming friend.

Answer 27

d

Question 28

Which of the following is responsible for the development of the prostate, penis, and scrotum in the developing male fetus?

Question 28 options:

anti-Mullerian hormone

Leydig cells

Sertoli cells

DHT

Answer 28

d

Question 29

When psychologists report discovering sex differences on some variable (e.g., optimism) what do they typically mean by this?

Question 29 options:

that these differences emerge from distinct biological sex categories

that the observed difference is unlikely to have occurred due to chance

that the difference has a practical level of significance

that the difference between sexes has a large effect size

Answer 29

b

Question 30

Which of the following accurately describes science?

Question 30 options:

Repeating experiments over again is a key step in conducting science.

The range of topics covered by scientists is narrow.

It most heavily emphasizes evidence that is consistent with theory.

It is defined more by its contents than by its methods.

Answer 30

a

Question 31

Which of the following is the best example of a hypothesis?

Question 13 options:

The belief that people rationalize unfairness in order to avoid cognitive dissonance.

The idea that judgments are driven more by emotion than by conscious reasoning.

A prediction that women will score higher on a test of verbal ability than men.

An observation that men tend to walk faster in pairs than when alone.

Answer 31

c