Topic One - Organelles and stuff

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

all organisms are composed of cells
cells are the smallest unit of structure for all living things
cells arise only from pre-existing cells, all cells today come from the start.

Question 2

What do all cells have in common

Answer 2

DNA, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane

Question 3

Functions
- Metabolism

Answer 3

Chemical reactions inside the cell

Question 4

Functions
- Response

Answer 4

perceiving and responding to changes in the environment

Question 5

Functions
Homeostasis

Answer 5

keeping the conditions inside the organisms within tolerable limits (balanced)

Question 6

Cell Membrane

Answer 6

The outer membrane of the cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
It has a double layer
- a physical barrier for the cell
separated internal and external environments
semi-permeable
- outer surface surrounding the cell

Question 7

Cell wall

Answer 7

ound in plant cells & bacteria, not found in animal cells
Supports & protects cells

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

Directs cell activities – “control center”
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Contains genetic material - DNA

Question 9

Chromosomes

Answer 9

Inside nucleus
Made of tightly coiled DNA
Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

Gel-like mixture
Surrounded by cell membrane
All organelles are surrounded by cytoplasm

Question 11

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 11

Moves materials around & makes proteins
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

Each cell contains thousands
Make proteins
Found on ER & floating throughout the cell

Question 13

Mitochondria

Answer 13

Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Powerhouse of the cell, creating energy for the cell to use

Question 14

Golgi Bodies

Answer 14

Protein ‘packaging plant’
Move materials within the cell and out of the cell
Sorting, tagging, packaging, and distributing proteins

Question 15

Lysosome

Answer 15

Digestive ‘unit’ that breaks down material in cell that is not needed and remove it from the cell
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

Question 16

Vacuoles

Answer 16

Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Contains water solution
Help plants maintain shape
Large in plants, small in animals

Question 17

Chloroplast

Answer 17

Usually found in plant cells
Contains green pigment chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes places
has grana

Question 18

centrioles

Answer 18

exist in pairs

Question 19

Fluid Mosaic model

Answer 19

• the components are free to move freely from each other.
• the ‘heads’ face the exterior and interior
• the tails are in the middle

Question 20

The phospholipid Bi-Layer - Heads

Answer 20

Hydrophilic - Water-loving, polar

Question 21

The phospholipid Bi-Layer - Tails

Answer 21

Hydrophobic - Water-hating, non-polar

Question 22

microscopes

Answer 22

magnification = size of image / actual size of the object

Question 23

DNA structure

Answer 23

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
One molecule of DNA consists of
- 2 strands of repeating units called nucleotides
The 2 strands are twisted in a double helix

Question 24

DNA - Circle, pentagon, rectangle

Answer 24

Phosphate, Deoxyribos sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 25

RNA - Circle, pentagon, rectangle

Answer 25

Phosphate, Ribose sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 26

the genetic code

Answer 26

gene - a sequence of bases in DNA that codes for an amino acid in a protein.

Question 27

What are the nucleotides - DNA

Answer 27

A-T, C-G = Bases in DNA

Question 28

mRNA

Answer 28

A-U, C-G = Bases in RNA

Question 29

what are the two types of proteins

Answer 29

1 - Structural
2 - Functional

Question 30

What are proteins made of

Answer 30

Proteins are long molecules made from chemical units called amino acids.

A gene codes for a particular amino acid

Amino acids join together to make a specific protein.

Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.

Question 31

2 steps of protein synthesis are …

Answer 31

transcription and translation

Question 32

Transcription

Answer 32

Takes place inside the nucleus

DNA unzips (one gene) and a complimentary copy of this gene called
mRNA (messenger RNA) is formed from RNA nucleotides

The newly formed mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore

Question 33

Translation

Answer 33

takes place in the cytoplasm

the mRNA is run through the ribosome, where the triplet is read. each triplet is called a codon.

tRNA has the anti-codon which brings specific amino acids to the triplet

a specific sequence of amino acids folds to become a protein

Question 34

the synthesis of ATP occurs in

Answer 34

The mitochondria

Question 35

prokaryotes

Answer 35

simple cell, no nucleus, free-floating DNA
10 times smaller than plant and animal cells
- archaea
- bacteria
flagellum

Question 36

protein secretory pathway

Answer 36

synthesised in the ribrosomes on the rough ER, golgi body, vesicles out of the cell,

Question 37

Eukaryotes

Answer 37

• has embrace-bound organelles
• has a nucleus
• classifications groups fit into plants, animals, fungi and protists. (they all have membrane-bound organelles)

Question 38

plant cells exclusively have

Answer 38

Chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole

Question 39

what is the difference between plant, animal and bacteria cells

Answer 39

plant and animal are eukaryotes
bacteria is prokaryotic

Question 40

difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 40

• the sugars, deoxyribose and ribose
• t becomes u
• DNA is double-stranded
• RNA is single-stranded