topic one - class differences - external factors.

Question 1

What does Bernstein believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

There are different speech codes that establish the difference between the working and middle class which influence achievement.
(1975)

Question 2

What are the two different speech codes Bernstein believes in?

Answer 2

> restricted code.
elaborated code.

Question 3

What is restricted code of speech?

Answer 3

> used by working class.
limited vocabulary where the speaker assumes the listener has gone through the same experiences.
short, unfinished, grammatically short sentences.
use gestures or predictable sentences resulting in the conversation being descriptive rather than analytic.
context bound.

Question 4

What is elaborated code of speech?

Answer 4

> used by middle class.
wider range of vocabulary where the speaker does not assume the listener has experience therefore speaks with explicitly.
grammatically complex and varied sentences.
abstract ideas.
context free.

Question 5

What does Douglas believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 5

> less value and standards placed on working class children
↳ results in lack of encouragement
↳ less ambitious with lack of interest towards education.
goals are exposed to middle class children
↳ ambitious from an early age
↳ allows them to care about their future and education.
(1964)

Question 6

What does Feinstein believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 6

> educated parents are more likely to use language that improves the child’s cognitive performance such as praise.
↳ praise encourages the child allowing them to develop their own competence
↳ positive reinforcement.
lower class use simple descriptive sentences.
(2008)

Question 7

What does Keddie believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 7

That cultural deprivation is a myth.
> sees it as victim blaming explanation.
> dismisses the idea that failure at school can be blamed on culturally deprived hme background.
> child can’t be deprived of its own culture
↳ working class children are culturally different not deprived.
> fail due to disadvantages by the education system.
(1973)

Question 8

What does Troyne and Williams believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 8

> the problem is not the child’s language but school’s labelling.
teachers have a speech hierarchy labelling middle class speech higher than working class speech to then black speech.
(1986)

Question 9

How does language relate to cultural deprivation?

Answer 9

> the way children communicate with their parents and vice versa can affect their cognitive development and ability to benefit from schooling.
language used in lower class is deficient
↳ gestures, single words and disjoined phrases.
➝ results in lack of basic language skills losing out on offers from the school as the struggle to describe and explain.

Question 10

How does parents’ education relate to cultural deprivation?

Answer 10

Parents attitude towards learning is a key factor in a child’s education.
> parenting style
↳ educated parents provide consistency and high expectations encouraging active learning.
➝ lower class parents provide harsh and inconsistent discipline empaissing good behaviour and listening to those in charge.
> parents’ educational behaviours
↳ educated parents know what. is needed to assist their children’s educational progress.
↳ more successful at building relationships with teachers
➝ value visits such as to the museum and libraries.

Question 11

How does working class subcultures relate to cultural deprivation?

Answer 11

The lack of parental interest in their children’s education reflects the subcultural values of the working class.

Question 12

What is meant by “subculture”?

Answer 12

A group whose attitudes and values differ from those of the mainstream culture.

Question 13

What are the working class subcultures?

Answer 13

> fatalism.
collectivism.
immediate gratification.
present time orientation.

Question 14

What is meant by “fatalism”?

Answer 14

A belief in fate that ‘whatever will be, will be’ and there’s nothing you can do to change your status
↳ contrast with middle class values that emphasises that you can change your position through your own efforts.

Question 15

What is meant by “collectivism”?

Answer 15

Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
↳ contrast with middle class view that an individual should not be held back by group loyalties.

Question 16

What is meant by “immediate gratification”?

Answer 16

Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future
↳ contrast with the middle class values which emphasises deferred gratification making sacrifices now for greater rewards later.

Question 17

What is meant by “present time orientation”?

Answer 17

Seeing the present as more important than the future and so not having long term goals or plans
↳ contrast with the middle class culture where they have a future time orientation that sees planning for the future as important.

Question 18

What does Sugarman believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 18

> middle class jobs are secure jobs offering prospects for continuous individual advancement
↳ encourages ambition, long term planning and willingness to invest time and efforts in gaining qualifications.
working class jobs are less secure and have no career structure where individuals can advance
↳ few promotions.
➝ earnings peak at an early age.
(1970)

Question 18

What does Blackstone and Mortimore believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 18

> they reject the idea that working class parents are not interested in their children’s education.
parents may not be able to attend parents evenings due to work or are put off by the school’s middle class atmosphere.
lack the knowledge and education to help their child even if they want to.
less effective systems of parent to school contacts making it harder for parents to keep in touch about their children’s progress in working class schools.
(1994)

Question 19

What is the solution to cultural deprivation?

Answer 19

Compensatory education.

Question 20

What is meant by “compensatory education”?

Answer 20

Programmes that aim to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas
↳ intervene early in the socialisation process to compensate children for the deprivation they experience at home.

Question 21

What is an example of compensatory education?

Answer 21

Operation Head Start in US.

Question 22

What is Operation Head Start?

Answer 22

> a multi billion dollar scheme of preschool education in poorer areas (1960s).
‘planned enrichment’ of deprived child’s environment to develop skills and instil achievement motivation.
included improving parenting skills, setting up nursery classes and home visits by educational psychologists.
sesame street.

Question 23

What are examples of compensatory education in the UK?

Answer 23

> educational priority areas.
education action zones.
sure start.

Question 24

What is meant by “material deprivation”?

Answer 24

Poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income.

Question 25

What are the statistics for material deprivation?

Answer 25

> department for education 2012
↳ barely 1/3 of pupils on free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSEs at A* to C.
significant factor in younger children’s non attendance at school is money problems.
nearly 90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas.
john flaherty mentions fear of stigmatisation
↳ why 20% of those eligible for free school meals don’t take their entitlement.

Question 26

How does housing relate to material deprivation?

Answer 26

It can affect the pupil directly and indirectly.

Question 27

What factors of housing can affect an individual?

Answer 27

> overcrowding
↳ less room for educational activities.
➝ nowhere to do hw.
➝ disturbed sleep from sharing bed or bedrooms.
ill health
↳ cold or damp environment leading to absences.
temporary accommodation
↳ constant changes of school and disrupted education.
greater risks of accidents due to crowding.
lack of space.

Question 28

What does Howard believe about material deprivation?

Answer 28

> there is a lower intake of energy, vitamins and minerals for children from poorer homes.
poorer nutrition can affect health weakening the immune system and lowering children’s energy levels
↳ absences, illness and difficulties concentrating in class.
emotional or behavioral problems.
more likely to have conduct disorders, anxiety and hyperactivity increasing the negative effects on child’s education.
(2001)

Question 29

What does Callendar and Jackson believe about material deprivation?

Answer 29

> more likely to reject further education such as uni as they are scared of going in debt.
questionnaire survey of nearly 2000 prospective students found that working class students are more debt averse
↳ saw debt negatively or as something to be avoided.
➝ saw more costs than benefits in going uni.

Question 30

How does financial support and costs of education relate to material deprivation?

Answer 30

> lack of equipment.
miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement
↳ david bull refers to this as ‘cost of free schooling’. (1980)
emily tanner et al
↳ costs of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, sport, music and art equipment are heavy burden on poor families
↳ have to make do with hand me downs and cheaper but unfashionable equipment resulting in bullying, isolation and stigmatisation.

Question 31

Which factors do Mortimore and Whitty believe have a greater effect of achievement?

Answer 31

Material inequalities.
(1997)

Question 32

What does Peter Robinson believe about material deprivation?

Answer 32

Argues that tackling child poverty would be the most effective way to boost achievement.
(1997)

Question 33

What does Bourdieu believe about cultural capital?

Answer 33

There are 3 types of capital.
> both cultural and material factors contribute to eduational achievent nad are not seperate but interrelated.
> uses the concept of ‘capital’ to explain why the middle class are more successful.
> middle class possess more of all 3 types of capital.

Question 34

What does Bourdieu believe about cultural capital?

Answer 34

There are 3 types of capital.
> both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement and are not separate but interrelated.
> uses the concept of ‘capital’ to explain why the middle class are more successful.
> middle class possess more of all 3 types of capital.
(1984)

Question 35

How is cultural capital different from cultural deprivation?

Answer 35

As it focuses on what the middle class have more of rather than what the working class have not got.

Question 36

What is meant by “cultural capital”?

Answer 36

The knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tasks and abilities of the middle class.

Question 37

What does cultural capital involve?

Answer 37

> sees middle class culture as a type of capital because like wealth, it gives an advantage to those who possess it.
through socialisation, middle class children acquire the ability to grasp, analyse and express abstract ideas
↳ develop intellectual interests and an understanding of what the education system requires for success.
advantage as such abilities and interest are highly valued and rewarded with qualifications
↳ education system id not neutral but favours and transmits the dominant middle class culture.
school devalues working class children’s culture as ‘rough’ and ‘inferior’.
lack of cultural capital leads to exam failure.
may seem like education is not for them so they respond by truauting, early leaving or just not trying.

Question 38

What does educational and economical capital involve?

Answer 38

> middle class children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands of the school curriculum and gain qualifications.
wealthy parents can convert economic capital into educational capital by sending their children to private schools and paying for extra tuition.

Question 39

What are the 3 types of capital Bourdieu believes in?

Answer 39

> cultural.
educational.
economical.
They can all be converted into one another.

Question 40

What does Leeh and Campos believe about educational and economical capital?

Answer 40

> carried out a study in Coventry that showed that middle class parents are more likely to be able to afford a house in the catchment area of schools that are highly placed on exam league tables.
‘selection by mortgage’
↳ drives up costs of houses near successful schools excluding working class families.
(2003)

Question 41

What does Alice Sullivan believe about Bourdieu’s ideas?

Answer 41

> used questionnaires to conduct a survey of 465 pupils at 4 schools.
asked about a range of activities such as reading, TV viewing habits, whether they visited art galleries, museums and theatres assessing their cultural capital
↳ tested vocabulary and knowledge of cultural fyres as well.
found that those who read complex fiction and watched serious TV documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and greater cultural knowledge
↳ greater cultural capital.
pupils with greatest cultural capital were children of graduates
↳ more likely to succeed in GCSEs.
cultural capital only accounts for part of the class difference in achievement
↳ pupils of different classes had the same level of cultural capital, middle class pupils skill did better.
greater resources and aspirations of middle class families explain the remainder of the class gap in achievement.
(2001)

Question 42

What are the factors that go under cultural deprivation?

Answer 42

> language.
parents’ education.
working class subcultures.
compensatory education.

Question 43

Who are those involved in cultural deprivation?

Answer 43

> douglas - 1964.
sugarman - 1970.
keddie - 1973.
bernstein - 1975.
troyna and williams - 1986.
blackstone and mortimore - 1994.
feinstein - 2008.

Question 44

What are the factors that go under material deprivation?

Answer 44

> housing.
diet and health.
financial support ad the costs of education.
fear of debt.

Question 45

Who are those involved in material deprivation?

Answer 45

> howard - 2001.
callendar and jackson - 2005.
mortimore and whitty - 1997.

Question 46

What is meant by “cultural deprivation”?

Answer 46

Where working class children grow up with inadequate socialisation and cultural equipment to enable them to succeed at school.