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Biology > Topic J: Transport in cells and animals > Flashcards

Topic J: Transport in cells and animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached. Substance that the cells need are diffused through the membrane.

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2
Q

Define Osmosis?

A

Movement of water from an area of high water potential to a low water potential down a water potential gradient through a semi-permeable membrane, this requires no energy. Used root hair cells to absorb water.

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3
Q

Define Active Transport?

A

The movement of particles against the concentrating gradient (low-high) THIS REQUIRES ENERGY Used to transport proteins into and out of the cell.

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4
Q

Ways that substances move in and out of cells?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and active transport

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5
Q

Why can simple, unicellular organism rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell?

A

This is because larger animals have a small surface area compared to the volume of them. Small surface area to volume ratio. this means that they require a circulatory system. Smaller organism do not need this because of the fact that they have a larger surface area to volume ratio.

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6
Q

Understand the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms?

A

This is because larger animals have a small surface area compared to the volume of them. Small surface area to volume ratio. this means that they require a circulatory system. Therefore they need a transport system to take substances across the body.

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7
Q

Explain how the heart rate changes during exercise due to the response of adrenaline?

A

the is because of the fact that more oxygen is needed (or is going to be needed) in parts of the body.

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8
Q

Describe the structure of an arteries?

A

Thick outer wall, made of muscle and elastic fibers, narrow lumen.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries?

A

very thin walls that are only one cell thick, so substances can be easily diffused.

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10
Q

Describe the structure of veins?

A

Thinner outer walls then arteries; because need low resistance, thin layer of muscle and elastic fibers.

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11
Q

Where to arteries carry the blood to and from?

A

carries blood from the heart to the tissues. (Away from the heart)

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12
Q

Where do the capillaries carry blood to and from?

A

carries blood from arteries to veins. (link them together) this is where the diffusion to the tissues take place.

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13
Q

Where do the veins carry blood to and from?

A

carries blood from the tissues (against gravity) back to the heart.

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14
Q

Is blood oxygenated in arteries, veins and capillaries?

A

arteries- yes. capillaries - going from oxygenated to deoxygenated. Veins- No

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15
Q

Blood pressure in arteries, capillaries and veins?

A

arteries- surging high pressure because of pulse from heart. capillaries - low pressure so substances can diffuse and only one cell thick. Veins - blood id at low pressure but changes with muscle contractions

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16
Q

Which is there valves in?

A

Veins

17
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

carrys deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

18
Q

What does the Pulmonary vein do?

A

carries oxygenated blood back into the heart

19
Q

What do the Coronary Artery do?

A

these are the first blood vessels that branch off from the assending aorta, supplie oxygen to the heart.

20
Q

What does the Vena Cava do?

A

the main vein of the body returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.

21
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

the main artery of the blood, carries blood to the rest of the body from the heart.

22
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

23
Q

What is Plasma?

A

A yellow liquid, 90% water, 10% dissolved substances

24
Q

What are some of the things Plasma transports?

A

carries food e.g. glucose and amino acids, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, urea fro the liver to kidneys contains insoluble fibrinogen involved in blood clotting

25
Q

adaptations of red blood cells?

A

no nucleus, red color due to presence of hemoglobin. Special donuts like shape so it is flexible.

26
Q

What are platelets?

A

Red blood cells get trapped in threads. this forms a blood clot. blood clots stop blood loss and entry of germs.

27
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

lobed nucleus, cell can change shape. These surround and digest bacteria

28
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A

large nucleus. These produce antibodies that are specific to the bacteria or virus which will destroy them.

29
Q

Why do red blood cells have these adaptations?

A

This is so that they are more suited to carrying oxygen and CO2.

30
Q

Three ways in which the structure of an artery can differ form the structure of a vein?

A 
Thicker wall
More elastic tissue
More muscle 
Smaller lumen 
No valves
31
Q

Suggest why blood flow in a leg vein is slower when there is lack of movement?

A

This is because of the fact that there is, less or no muscle contraction. So there is nothing to squeeze the vein or push blood

32
Q

Suggest why a clot that blocks the small blood vessels in the lungs can cause death?

A

Less or no oxygen /oxygenated blood to the heart etc.. Lack of respiration

33
Q

What is in a Phagocyte?

A
  • Lobed Nucleus - contains DNA, controls the cell.
  • cytoplasm - chemical reactions take place here
  • cell membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell.
34
Q

What happens to a bacterium after it has been ingested by a phagocyte?

A

Pathogen is broken down or dissolved using enzymes.

35
Q

Describe how a different type of white blood cell can also help to prevent disease.

A

Lympocytes release antibodies which clump the bacteria, neutralizing it and making it non harmful.

36
Q

Structure of Circulatory system and Heart?

A

LOOK AT MAP IN DIAGRAMS!

37
Q

Describe structure of white blood cell?

A

Has a lobed Nucleus.

38
Q

What affects may come with narrow arteries?

A
  • Less blood transported.
  • Higher pressure in arteries.
  • Increased heart rate.
  • Increased amount of lactic acid
  • Clots .
  • Death

Biology (14 decks)

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