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Physics > Topic Five - Forces > Flashcards

Topic Five - Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

What do vector quantities have?

A

Magnitude and a direction.

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2
Q

What are examples of vector quantities?

A 
Force 
Velocity
Displacement
Acceleration
Momentum
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3
Q

What do scalar quantities have?

A

Magnitude and no direction.

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4
Q

What are examples of scalar quantities?

A 
Speed
Distance
Mass
Temperature
Time
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5
Q

What is a force?

A

A push ot pull on an object that is caused by it interacting with something.

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6
Q

What is a contact force?

A

When two objects have to be touching for a force to act.

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7
Q

What are examples of contact forces?

A

Friction

Air resistance

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8
Q

What is a non contact force?

A

They dont need to be touching for the force to act.

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9
Q

What are examples of non contact forces?

A

Magnetic force
Gravitational force
Electrostatic force

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10
Q

What is a interaction pair?

A

A pair of forced thatsre equal and opposite and act on two interacting objects.

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11
Q

What are the effects of gravity?

A

On the surface of a planet it makes all things fall towards the ground.
It gives everything a weight.

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12
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of stuff in an object.

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13
Q

What is weight?

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity.

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14
Q

What does weight depend on?

A

The strength of the gravatational field at the location if the object.

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15
Q

What is the relationship between weight and mass?

A

Directly proportional.

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16
Q

What is work done?

A

When a force moves an object through a distance.

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17
Q

What is work done the same as?

A

Energy transferred.

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18
Q

What may happen when you apply a force to an object?

A

It may stretch, compress or bend.

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19
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

It can go back to its original shape and length after the force has been removed.

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20
Q

What is inelastic deformation?

A

It doesnt return to its original shapr anf length after the firce has been removed.

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21
Q

What type of spring would give a greater spring constant?

A

A stiffer spring.

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22
Q

How would you test your masses are appropriate for the force and extension practical?

A

Use an identical spring to the one your testing.
Load it with masses one at a time up to a total of five.
Measure the extension each time you add a mass.
Work out the increase in extension for each mass.
If one of them causes a bigger i crease in extension than the previous one youve gone past the springs limit of proportianality.
If this happens you will have to use smaller masses or you wont get enough measurements for your graph.

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23
Q

What is the method for the force and extension practical?

A

Measure the natural length of the spring with a millimetre ruler clamped to the stand.
Add a marker to the bottom of the spring to make the length reading more accurate.
Add a mass to the spring and slloe the spring to come to rest.
Measure the new length of the speing. The extension is the change in length.
Repeat this until you have enough measurements.

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24
Q

What is velocity?

A

Speed in a given direction.

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25
Q

What is speed?

A

How fast your going.

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26
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The change in velocity in a certain amount of time.

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27
Q

What is the typical speed of a person walking?

A

1.5m/s

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28
Q

What is the typical speed of a person running?

A

3m/s

29
Q

What is the typical speed of a person cycling?

A

6m/s

30
Q

What is the typical speec if a car?

A

25m/s

31
Q

What is the typical speed of a train?

A

55m/s

32
Q

What is the typical speed of a plane?

A

250m/s

33
Q

What can effect the speed of someone?

A

Fitness
Age
Terrain

34
Q

What does the flat sections of ditance time graphs mean?

A

Stationary

35
Q

What do straight uphill sections mean on distance time graphs?

A

Constant speed

36
Q

What do curves on distance time graphs mean?

A

Acceleration or deceleration.

37
Q

What does a steepening curve mean on a distance time graph?

A

Means the object is speeding up

38
Q

What does a levelling off curve mean on a distance time graph?

A

Slowing down

39
Q

What are flat sections of velocity time graphs?

A

Steady speed

40
Q

What are steeper sections of velocity time graphs?

A

Greater acceleration or deceleration.

41
Q

What are uphill and downhill sections of velocity time graphs?

A

Constant acceleration or deceleration.

42
Q

When do you get friction?

A

Between two surfaces in contact or when an object passes through a fluid.

43
Q

What is drag?

A

The resistance you get in a fluid.

A fluid can be a fas or a liquid.

44
Q

What is air resistance a type of?

A

Drag.

45
Q

How can you reduce drag?

A

By keep the shape of the object streamlined.

It is where the object is designed to allow fluid to flow easily across it, reducing drag.

46
Q

What happens when objects fall?

A

When they first set off the force of gravity is much more than the frictional force slowing them down so they accelerate.
As the speed increased the friction builds up.
This gradually reduced the acceleration until eventually the frictional force is equal to the accelerating force.
It will have reached its terminal belicity and will fall at a steady space.

47
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

When an object reaches its maximum speed.

48
Q

What does terminal velocity depend on?

A

Shape

Area

49
Q

How does shape and area effect terminal velocity?

A

Less streamlined an object is the lower its terminal velocity.
Objects with large surface areas tend to have lower terminal velocitys.
There is more resistance acting on larger objects.
So the larger objects spend less time accelerating before the air resistance is large enough to equal thr accelerating force.

50
Q

What is Newtons First Law?

A

If thr resultant force on a stationary object is zero, the object will remain stationary. If the result force on a moving object is zero it will just carry on moving at the same velocity.

51
Q

What is Newtons Second Law?

A

Force and acceleration are directly proportional.

Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object.

52
Q

What is inertial mass a measure of?

A

How difficult it is to change the velocity of an object.

53
Q

What is inertia?

A

The tendancy to continue in the same state of motion.

54
Q

What is Newtons Third Law?

A

When two objects interact the forces they exert in each other are equal and opposite.

55
Q

What is the method for testing Newtons Second Law?

A

Set up the trolly so it holds a piece of card with a gap that will interupt the signal on the light gate.
Mark a starting line on the table the trolley is on, so it always travels the same distance to the light gate.
Place the trolley on the starting line and hold it in place. Let the masses hang so the string is taut.
Record the acceleration measured by the light gate as the trolley passes through it.
Repeat this to get average acceleration.

56
Q

How do you see the effect of mass in the Newtons Second Law practical?

A

Add masses to the trolley one at a time to increase the mass of the system.
Dont add masses to the hoom or you will chnage the force.
Record the average acceleration for each mass.

57
Q

How do you investigate the effect of force in the Newtons Second Law practical?

A

Load all the masses onto the trolley and transfer the masses to the hook one at a time ti increase the accelerating force.
The mass of the system stays the same as your only transferring the masses from one part of the system to another.
Record the average acceleration for each force.

58
Q

What is thinking distance?

A

How far the car travels during the drivers reaction time.

59
Q

What is the breaking distance?

A

The ditance taken to stop after the brakes are applied (braking force).

60
Q

What is thinking distance effected by?

A 
Speed
Tiredness
Drugs
Alcohol
Distractions
61
Q

What is breaking distance affected by?

A

Speed
Weather or road surface
Condition of tyres and brakes

62
Q

How do you carry out the ruler drop test?

A

Sit with your arm resting on the edge of a table.
Get someone else to hold a ruler so it hangs between your thumb and forefinger, lined up with zero.
Without giving any warning the person holding the ruler should drop it.
Try and catch the ruler as quickly as possible.

63
Q

What happens when you brake a car?

A

The break pads are pressed onto the wheel. This causes friction which causes work to be done.
The wheels transfer energy from the kinetic energy stores of the wheels to the thermal energy stores of the brakes. The brakes increase in temperature.
The faster a vehicle is going, the more energy it has in its kinetic store so the more work needs to be done to stop it.
This means a greater braking force is needed to make it stop within a certain distance.
A larger braking force means a larger deceleration.

64
Q

What are large decelerations dangerous?

A

They may cause breaks to overheat or cause the vehicle to skid.

65
Q

What does momentum depend on?

A

Mass and velocity

66
Q

What is the conservation of momentum?

A

The total momentum before an event is the same after the event.

67
Q

What is the momentum of an object if it is not moving?

A

Zero momentum.

68
Q

What happens when a stationary object collides with an object with momentum?

A

The stationary object now moves so it has momentum.
The original moving object continues moving but at a much smaller velocity, so a smaller momentum.
The combined momentum of the two objects is equal to the original momentum of the first moving object.

Physics (7 decks)

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