TOPIC D - general information Flashcards
what does research about role models and learning with animals show?
some research of SLT uses animals (birds) which learn to eat or avoid certain foods by overs cig the behaviour of other animals (birds)
What is SLT?
- it involves gaining new behaviour by watching and imitating a role model (same sex, gender etc)
- if the role model is rewarded then the observer is more likely to imitate them (vicarious reinforcement)
what is a phobia?
an intense fear that prevents normal living in some way
what is classical conditioning?
a way that animals and people can learn to think two things together
why does learning happen in classical conditioning?
- associations form between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
- usually takes many pairings or trials but during these pairings the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus which can cause of conditioned response
what happened before,during and after conditioning involving NS, NR, UCS, UCR?
before:
neutral stimulus > no effect. unconditioned stimulus > unconditioned response
during: neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus > unconditioned response
after:
conditioned stimulus > conditioned response
describe the test of where Pavol tested his dog
- Pavlov tested his idea using a dog who had a tube in his check to measure saliva
- first, he rang a bell but the dog didn’t salivate
- then, he rang the bell and face the dog some food, repeated several times
- he then just rang the bell and the dog salivated even though they there was no food
- the dog had learned to associate the bell and the food
- it had become conditioned to salivate to the bell
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
what was pavlova dog neutral stimulus
the bell as it had no effect to start off with
what was pavlovs dog unconditioned stimulus?
the food natural produced saliva
what was Pavlovs dog unconditioned response?
the natural salivation to food
after the association process what was pavlovs dogs conditioned stimulus?
the bell
after the association process what was pavlovs conditioned response?
the effect the bell has is salivation
classical conditioning and phobias:
What is generalisation?
when a conditioned reprobate is produced to stimulus that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
classical conditioning and phobias:
what is extinction?
a conditioned repainted is repeated until the conditioned response is lost
a child’s fear of water can lost gradually showing that the water canny knock her over
classical conditioning and phobias:
what is one trial learning?
a phobia is learnt from one single event
i.e. a child is bitten by a dog, this mat cause fear every time she sees a dog
what is flooding?
an extreme therapy based on the theory of classical conditioning as it involved confronting your fear directly
it uses association to get people to associate their fear of phobia with relaxation
if a person becomes relaxed around the feared object then they will lose the anxiety
how is flooding done?
- the client identifies the feared object
- they’re then forced into a situation where they’re exposed to the fear and can’t escape it
- after a while the body will relax because it can’t sustain an anxious state
- when the body calms down they’ll associate the fear with relaxation
is flooding ethical?
- people aren’t likely to want to be involved in such a treatment
- not always effective
- causes distress
- aware of the nature of the therapy
- they know whether they can withdraw or not
what is systematic desensitisation?
it involves being exposed to the feared object
exposure leads to relaxation that can be associated with the fear of the object
- DONE IN A MORE GRADUAL WAY THAN FLOODING !!!
how is systematic desensitisation done?
- patient identifies fear, object or situation
- develop a list of most and least feared situations or objects
- therapist teaches relaxation techniques
- uses techniques to force fears
- patient moves up the hierarchy
use a fear of flying to explain systematic desensitisation
High = turbulence on a plane Moderate = checking in Low = booking the flight
what are the ethics of systematic desensitisation?
- right to withdraw > more control
- causes distress to patient
what is an open question?
your answer can be as long as you want, no restrictions
what is a closed question?
yes or no
what is an ranked-style question?
scale of one to ten
what are likert-style questions?
strongly agree agree not sure disagree strongly disagree
what are the weaknesses of questionnaires?
- response bias:
when the participants fall into an answering pattern I.e also answering yes or what the researcher wants them to put - social desirability bias:
when participants give answers that they think are more acceptable to other people to make them look better - Hiding the aim:
participants don’t know the study so it breaks the ethical guideline of consent and perception
what are the strengths of questionaries?
right to withdraw
informed consent
standardised instructions
representing real-life
what are the strengths of animal studies?
- similar to humans - share evolutionary history
- simpler than humans so animals can help understand why humans react the way they do
- environment can be controlled
- performing on humans could be potentially dangerous
- interesting and beneficial to know about behaviour of animals
what are the weaknesses of animal studies?
- not exactly the same as humans as humans have more complex brains and we can do things animals can’t
- findings may not always apply to humans so the results may not be reliable
