TOPIC D - general information

Question 1

what does research about role models and learning with animals show?

Answer 1

some research of SLT uses animals (birds) which learn to eat or avoid certain foods by overs cig the behaviour of other animals (birds)

Question 2

What is SLT?

Answer 2

• it involves gaining new behaviour by watching and imitating a role model (same sex, gender etc)
• if the role model is rewarded then the observer is more likely to imitate them (vicarious reinforcement)

Question 3

what is a phobia?

Answer 3

an intense fear that prevents normal living in some way

Question 4

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 4

a way that animals and people can learn to think two things together

Question 5

why does learning happen in classical conditioning?

Answer 5

• associations form between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
• usually takes many pairings or trials but during these pairings the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus which can cause of conditioned response

Question 6

what happened before,during and after conditioning involving NS, NR, UCS, UCR?

Answer 6

before:
neutral stimulus > no effect. unconditioned stimulus > unconditioned response
during: neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus > unconditioned response
after:
conditioned stimulus > conditioned response

Question 7

describe the test of where Pavol tested his dog

Answer 7

• Pavlov tested his idea using a dog who had a tube in his check to measure saliva
• first, he rang a bell but the dog didn’t salivate
• then, he rang the bell and face the dog some food, repeated several times
• he then just rang the bell and the dog salivated even though they there was no food
• the dog had learned to associate the bell and the food
• it had become conditioned to salivate to the bell

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Question 8

what was pavlova dog neutral stimulus

Answer 8

the bell as it had no effect to start off with

Question 9

what was pavlovs dog unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 9

the food natural produced saliva

Question 10

what was Pavlovs dog unconditioned response?

Answer 10

the natural salivation to food

Question 11

after the association process what was pavlovs dogs conditioned stimulus?

Answer 11

the bell

Question 12

after the association process what was pavlovs conditioned response?

Answer 12

the effect the bell has is salivation

Question 13

classical conditioning and phobias:

What is generalisation?

Answer 13

when a conditioned reprobate is produced to stimulus that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

classical conditioning and phobias:

what is extinction?

Answer 14

a conditioned repainted is repeated until the conditioned response is lost
a child’s fear of water can lost gradually showing that the water canny knock her over

Question 15

classical conditioning and phobias:

what is one trial learning?

Answer 15

a phobia is learnt from one single event

i.e. a child is bitten by a dog, this mat cause fear every time she sees a dog

Question 16

what is flooding?

Answer 16

an extreme therapy based on the theory of classical conditioning as it involved confronting your fear directly
it uses association to get people to associate their fear of phobia with relaxation
if a person becomes relaxed around the feared object then they will lose the anxiety

Question 17

how is flooding done?

Answer 17

• the client identifies the feared object
• they’re then forced into a situation where they’re exposed to the fear and can’t escape it
• after a while the body will relax because it can’t sustain an anxious state
• when the body calms down they’ll associate the fear with relaxation

Question 18

is flooding ethical?

Answer 18

• people aren’t likely to want to be involved in such a treatment
• not always effective
• causes distress
• aware of the nature of the therapy
• they know whether they can withdraw or not

Question 19

what is systematic desensitisation?

Answer 19

it involves being exposed to the feared object
exposure leads to relaxation that can be associated with the fear of the object
- DONE IN A MORE GRADUAL WAY THAN FLOODING !!!

Question 20

how is systematic desensitisation done?

Answer 20

1. patient identifies fear, object or situation
2. develop a list of most and least feared situations or objects
3. therapist teaches relaxation techniques
4. uses techniques to force fears
   - patient moves up the hierarchy

Question 21

use a fear of flying to explain systematic desensitisation

Answer 21

High = turbulence on a plane 
Moderate = checking in 
Low = booking the flight

Question 22

what are the ethics of systematic desensitisation?

Answer 22

• right to withdraw > more control

- causes distress to patient

Question 23

what is an open question?

Answer 23

your answer can be as long as you want, no restrictions

Question 24

what is a closed question?

Answer 24

yes or no

Question 25

what is an ranked-style question?

Answer 25

scale of one to ten

Question 26

what are likert-style questions?

Answer 26

``` strongly agree agree not sure disagree strongly disagree ```

Question 27

what are the weaknesses of questionnaires?

Answer 27

- response bias: when the participants fall into an answering pattern I.e also answering yes or what the researcher wants them to put - social desirability bias: when participants give answers that they think are more acceptable to other people to make them look better - Hiding the aim: participants don't know the study so it breaks the ethical guideline of consent and perception

Question 28

what are the strengths of questionaries?

Answer 28

right to withdraw informed consent standardised instructions representing real-life

Question 29

what are the strengths of animal studies?

Answer 29

- similar to humans - share evolutionary history - simpler than humans so animals can help understand why humans react the way they do - environment can be controlled - performing on humans could be potentially dangerous - interesting and beneficial to know about behaviour of animals

Question 30

what are the weaknesses of animal studies?

Answer 30

- not exactly the same as humans as humans have more complex brains and we can do things animals can't - findings may not always apply to humans so the results may not be reliable