Topic D Flashcards
what is central dogma:
-what are main concepts?
source & order of all genetic information into function in organisms
-DNA is the…
-it is what to pass on the info?
-is what into?
-carrier of genetic information
-DNA is replicated to pass on the info
-is transcribed into mRNA
what is mRNA?
-what is it translated into?
-what are proteins?
-is the chemical messenger of information
-translated into protein
-proteins are the functional units of life that maintain it (structures, carriers, & enzymes).
where is DNA typically found in humans? where is RNA and protein?
-enclosed into nucleus and RNA and protein in cytosol
DNA cycle
what is replication?
-what is transcription?
-what is translation?
-needs to be replicated with high accuracy
-DNA to RNA
-RNA to protein; then restarts to replication through polymerase
what do proteins impact?
muscles, skin, hair, fingernails, claws (collagen, keratin), pepsin (digestive enzyme in stomach), insulin
what are amino acids?
-how many are there? essential?
-each one is?
-some like?
-some?
a chain of a.a is called?
smallest unit of proteins
there are only 20, 9 essential ones
each one is different
some like water and dissolve in it
some fear water separate from it
a chain of amino acid is a polypeptide
what determines the type of amino acid is present?
-what are the different structures of proteins?
-the R-group determines the type of a.a
-primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
primary proteins:
-structure?
-arrangement?
-sequence of a.a the is the backbone of a peptide chain/protein
secondary protein: aka?
-arrangement?
-held by?
-how are polypeptide chains arranged?
-where are H bonds?
-where are R-groups?
-typically?
-aka alpha helix
-3D arrangement of a.a with polypeptide chain in a corkscrew shape
-held by H-bonds between NH and C=O
-polypeptides are arranged side by side
-H bonds form between chains
-R groups of extend above and below the sheet
-typically of fibrous proteins like silk
tertiary structure:
-shape?
-cross links between?
-examples
-shape of a protein due to function group interaction from each chain
-cross links between R groups of a.a in chain
-disulfide, ionic, H bonds, hydrophobic
quaternary structure:
-what is it?
-example?
-protein assembly with two or more chains
-hemoglobin = 4 polypeptides chains
globular vs fibrous
globular is spherical, consists of insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes, antibodies
fibrous is long, thin fibers like hair, wool ,skin, nails made up of collagen
denaturation:
-what is it?
-examples and their function
-disruption of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure
-heat/organics: break apart H-bonds and disrupt hydrophobic attractions
-acids/bases: break H-bonds between R-groups and ionic bonds
-heavy metal ions: react w S-S bonds to form solids
-agitation: stretches chain until bonds break through shaking
denaturation in everyday life
-boiling an egg
-wiping skin w alcohol
-cooking food to destroy E-coli
-heat used to cauterize blood vessels
-autoclave sterilize instruments
-milk heated to make yogurt
what are nucleotides?
recurring monomeric units of nucleic acids (which make genetic material)
-nucleic aids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
what are genes?
what are genome?
-how many cells do humans have?
-how many pairs of chromosomes?
-how long is human DNA?
-how many DNA subunits are there?
-genes are sequence of DNA nucleotides that are for one protein (trait)
-genome is collection of genes in an organism
-around 40-80 trillion cells
-23 pairs of chromosomes
-2 meters of DNA
-3 billion DNA subunits
e-coli cell:
-how many chromosomes?
-what size is it?
-how many bases?
-how many genes/proteins?
-one chromosome
-1.8um
-5.2 million bases
-5000 genes=5000 proteins
central dogma:
-DNA info is?
-DNA leads?
-proteins are?
-DNA info is in the form of specific sequences of bases along the DNA strands
-DNA leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins through sequences of DNA called genes
-proteins are links between genotype & phenotype
microbial genetics:
-inheritance is how?
-RNA does what?
-nucleotide is made up of?
-how traits (proteins+genes) are passed on in subsequent generations
-RNA decodes stuff
-nitrogenous base + carbohydrates + 3 phosphate
DNA sugar:
-DNA structure allows?
-what is the sugar called?
-how many nitrogenous bases?
-allows efficient storage of genetic info
-deoxyribose because it lacks an oxygen on C2 of pentose
-four bases
where do the phosphate group attach in DNA?
-where do bases attach to? what are the two types?
-1 to 3 will attach to C5
-attach at C1: purines (adenine & guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine & thymine)
what are the properties of DNA?
-polarity, strandedness, anti-parallelicity and complementary
what determines strandedness qualities?
-bases: A,T,C,G
dehydration synthesis DNA
-double stranded, sugar-phosphate backbone, polar (2 different ends), complementary
-DNA polymerization
-polarity
nucleotides bond together by dehydration reactions
-polarity: results of polymerization is a single strand of DNA with two different ends, OH on last nucleotide, phosphate on first
strandedness:
-what is it and its function?
-double stranded of DNA for stability and protection
what’s Chargaff’s Rule?
-the number of A = number of T
number of G = number of C
-G-C is stronger pair pair due to 3 H bonding
-A-T only has 2 H bonds