topic cell biology, sub topic cell diff and specification Flashcards
What is cell differentiation?
The process by which cells change to become specialised.
What happens to cells during differentiation?
They develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells to carry out specific functions.
When does most differentiation occur?
Most differentiation occurs as an organism develops.
Can animal cells differentiate at any stage of life?
Most animal cells can only differentiate at an early stage of the animal’s life.
Can plant cells differentiate throughout their life?
Yes, lots of plant cells can differentiate for the whole of the plant’s life.
What is the role of differentiated cells in adult animals?
They are mainly used for repairing and replacing cells.
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types.
What is the function of sperm cells?
Sperm cells take the male DNA to the egg.
How do sperm cells aid in swimming?
A sperm cell has a tail to help it swim to the egg and a lot of mitochondria for energy.
What is the function of nerve cells?
Nerve cells carry electrical signals around the body.
Why are nerve cells long?
They are long to cover more distance in the body and have branches to connect to other nerve cells.
What do muscle cells do?
Muscle cells contract (shorten).
How are muscle cells adapted for contraction?
Muscle cells are long and have lots of mitochondria for energy.
What is the function of root hair cells?
Root hair cells absorb water and minerals.
How do root hair cells increase absorption?
They grow into long ‘hairs’ that stick out into the soil, increasing surface area.
What do phloem cells transport?
Phloem cells transport food.
What do xylem cells transport?
Xylem cells transport water.
How are phloem and xylem cells structured?
They are long and joined end to end to form tubes.
What is unique about xylem cells?
Xylem cells are hollow, allowing space for water to flow through.
What is unique about phloem cells?
Phloem cells have very few subcellular structures, allowing space for food to flow through.
