TOPIC C2- BONDING, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Question 1

what type of ion do elements from each of the following groups form
-group 1
-group 2
-group 6
-group 7

Answer 1

-1 and 2 are metals and lose electrons to form positive ions
-6 and 7 are non metals and gain electrons to form negative ions

Question 2

state what charge –would have
-sodium atom G1
-magnesium atom G2
-chlroine atom G7
-oxygen atom G6

Answer 2

-sodium in G1 so loses electron to form NA +
-magnesium in G2 so loses 2electrons to form MG2+
-chlroine in G7 so gains 1electron to form CL-
-oxygen in G6 so gains 2electrons to form O2-

Question 3

describe how an ionic bond forms

Answer 3

-transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom,

-creating oppositely charged ions that

-are held together by electrostatic attraction.

Question 4

state what structure ionic compounds have

Answer 4

-a giant ionic lattice
-strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 5

state the ionic compounds properties

Answer 5

-high melting points and boiling points due to strong bonds between ions
-when solid, compounds cannot conduct electricity
-when melted, ions are free to move + will carry electric charges
-dissolve in water, ions seperare and are free to move so carry a electric charge

Question 6

what are covalent bonds

Answer 6

-chemical bond formed when atoms share a pair of electrons

Question 7

COVALENT BONDING UNSRTAND

Question 8

common examples

Question 9

Properties of simple molecular substances

Answer 9

-held together by very strong covalent bonds
-melting and boiling points are very low
-most are liquids and gases at room temp
-dont conduct electricity

Question 10

what are polymers
Give an example for polyethene
C2H4

Answer 10

small units that are linked together to form long molecules
-joine by strong covalent bonds

  H   H
   l   I
	- C- C-
		I    H
		H   H

Question 11

how are giant covalent structures bonded to each other

Answer 11

by all atoms theyre bonded to each other by strong covalent bonds
-very high melting and boiling points
-don’t contain charged particles, so they dont conduct electricity
-

Question 12

diamond properties

Answer 12

-has a giant covalent structure made up of carbon atoms
-really hard
-strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break, gives it a very high melting point
-doesn’t conduct electricity

Question 13

graphite properties

Answer 13

CONTAINS SHEETS OF HEXAGONS
-forms 3covalent bonds between layers and are held together weakly
-high melting point, need lots of energy

Question 14

what is graphene

Answer 14

-a sheet of carbon atoms joined together in hexagons
-sheets 1atom thick making it 2dimensional
-network makes it strong
-very light, so is added to composite materials to improve their strength
-contains delocalised electrons so can conduct electricity through the whole structure

Question 15

what are fullerenes

Question 16

what is metallic bonding

Answer 16

the attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons in a metal

Question 17

properties of metallic bonding

Answer 17

-high melting and boiling points and are solid at room temp
-good conductors of electricity and heat
-most metals are malleable

Question 18

explain why alloys are harder than pure metals

Answer 18

-they’re a mixture of 2or more metals
-pure metals are too soft when pure so become mixed with other metals

Question 19

name the 3states of matter

Answer 19

solids
liquids
gases

Question 20

explain using the particle theory about solids

Answer 20

-strong forces of attraction between particles which holds them close together in fixed positions +FORMS a lattice arrangement
-definite shape and volume
-vibrate in their positions + the hotter the solid becomes, the more they vibrate

Question 21

explain using particle theory the liquids

Answer 21

-weak force of attraction between particles
-randomly arranged and free to move past each otjer
-have a definite volume but don’t keep a definite shape
-particles constantly moving with random motion

Question 22

explain using particle theory gases

Answer 22

-force of attraction is very weak
-free to move past each other +far apart
-don’t keep a definite shape or volume and always fill any container
-particles move constantly with random motion
-hotter the gas, the quicker they’ll move

Question 23

state symbol of an aqeous substance

Answer 23

aq
-dissolved in water

Question 24

explain the steps of melting

Answer 24

1. when a solids heated, particles gain energy
2. making them vibrate more, which weakens the forces
3. at a certain temp the particles have enough energy to break free from positioms
4. THIS IS WHEN A SOLID TURNS INTO A LIQUID

Question 25

explain the steps of boiling

Answer 25

1. when a liquids heated the particles get more energy
2. energy makes the particles move faster, weakening and breaking the bonds holding the liquid together
3. at certain temp particles have enough energy to break the bonds
4. THIS IS BOILING, liquid becoming gas

Question 26

explain condensing

Answer 26

-as gas cools, particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
-bonds form between particles
-at boiling point many bonds form between gas particles
-gas becomes a liquid

Question 27

explain freezing

Answer 27

-liquid cools, particles have less energy
-not enough energy to overcome the attraction between particles
-more bonds form between them
-at melting point, bonds are formed and particles held in place
-liquid becomes a solid