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GCSE BIOLOGY > TOPIC B5 HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

TOPIC B5 HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE Flashcards

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1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

-the regulation of conditions inside your body, to maintain a stable internal environment
-responses to changes in internal and external conditions

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2
Q

state what the automatic control systems are made up of

A

3main components
1. receptors
2. co-ordination centres
3. effectors

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3
Q

how is the internal environment kept stable

A

by using mechanisms called negative feedback
-when the levels of somethin

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

what is the role of a receptor

A

to detect a stimulus

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6
Q

why does the body need to maintain optimal conditions

A

for optimal enzyme action and cell function

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7
Q

what’s the difference between internal conditions and external conditions

A

internal- refers to conditions inside the body e.g body temp

external- refers to conditions outside the body e.g room temp

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8
Q

what is the role of a coordination centre

A

receives and processes the information from receptors then organises a response

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9
Q

what is the role of an effector

A

to produce a response

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10
Q

what are the 2types of effectors and what do they do when stimulated

A

muscles- contract
glands- release hormones

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11
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a mechanism that restores a level back to optimum in a system

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12
Q

Name 2 internal conditions

A

-blood glucose concentration
-blood pH

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13
Q

Name 2 external conditions

A

-room temp
-amount of fluid you drink

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14
Q

Homeostasis relies on automatic control systems.

In what order are signals passed along the control system?

A

receptor➔ coordination centre ➔ effector

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15
Q

where are the coordination centres located in the body

A

-spinal cord
-brain

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16
Q

what passes along nerve cells

A

electrical impulses

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17
Q

homeostatis relies on …..

A

negative feedback
for when the levels of something get too high theyre brought back down, and when something get too low theyre brought back up

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18
Q

If our body temperature gets too high, negative feedback will cause our temperature to

A

decrease back down

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the nervous system

A

to detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and to coordinate responses

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20
Q

Name 4 different parts of a nervous system

A

-Central Nervous System
-Sensory neurones
-motor neurones
-effectors

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21
Q

what is the Central Nervous System composed of

A

-brain
-spinal cord
connected to the body by sensory and motor neurones

22
Q

what is the gap between two neurone called

A

synapse

23
Q

whats released across a synapse

A

chemicals

24
Q

what is the sensory neurone

A

-the neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

25
Q

whats a motor neurone

A

-neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors

26
Q

what are 2 receptors

A

-taste on the tongue
-sound in the ears

27
Q

what does the central nervous system do

A

it receives infomation from the receptors and then coordinates a response

28
Q

What does Homeostasis control?

A

-Blood glucose concentration
-body temperature
-water levels.

29
Q

reflex actions control what

A

everyday bodily functions
e.g breathing and digestion

30
Q

state the reflex pathway

A

stimulus—- receptor—– sensory neurone—– relay neurone—- motor neurone—- effector—- response

31
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic and rapid reactions which don’t involve conscious parts of the brain. Involve sensory, relay and motor neurones. Control breathing, digestion, avoiding danger

32
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. Blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect. Slower but longer lasting

33
Q

]What is the pituitary gland?

A

Master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood.

34
Q

Name the key Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary,
-Thyroid,
-Pancreas,
-Adrenal,
-Ovaries
-Testes

35
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood.

36
Q

Blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas produces insulin which allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells and to be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
-Also produces glucagon which allows glycogen to be converted back into glucose and released back into blood. Negative Feedback Cycle

37
Q

compare type 1 diabetes to type 2

A

-in 1, the blood glucose rises to fatally high levels as the pancreas doesn’t have secrete enough insulin

-in 2, the body stops responding to its own insulin

38
Q

how is type 1 diabetes controlled

A

insulin injections to replace hormone not made.

39
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A

Carbohydrate controlled diet, more exercise. Drugs may be needed

40
Q

What does Thyroxine do?

A

Stimulates basic metabolic rate. Growth and development

41
Q

state the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. day 1- menustration starts and the uterus lining breaks down for 4days
  2. uterus line builds up again
  3. an egg develops and is released from the ovary, which is ovulation
  4. wall is maintained
42
Q

state the 4 horomes

A
  1. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
  2. Oestragen
  3. LH (lutenising hormone)
  4. progesterone
42
Q

what is FSH

A

produced in the pituitary gland, causes an egg to mature and stimulates the ovaries

43
Q

what is oestrogen

A

-produced in ovaries
-causes lining of uterus to grow
-stimulates the release of LH and inhibitis release of FSH

44
Q

what is LH

A

-produced by pituitary glands
-stimulates release of an egg

45
Q

what is proggesterone

A

-produced in ovaries
-maintains the lining of the uterus during 2nd half of the cyle
-inhibits the release of LH and FSH

46
Q

how does oestrogen be used to reduce fertility

A

-can be used to prevent the release of an egg, method of contraception

47
Q

how does progesterone reduce fertility

A

-stimulating the production of thick mucus which prevents sperm getting through

48
Q

state 3 ways to avoid pregnancy

A
  1. sterilisation, cutting the fallopian tuves in a female
  2. natural methods, finding out when the womens most fertile and avoiding sex on them days
  3. abstinence, to not have intercourse
49
Q

pros and cons of the fertility drug

A

PROS
-helps women get pregnant

CONS
-doesn’t always work, and then could be expensive to keep buying
-too many eggs can be stimulated, means unexpected multiple pregnancies

50
Q

how does IVF help couples to have children

A

-collects eggs from womens ovaries and fertilises them in a lab, using mans sperm
-fertilised eggs are grown into embryos

51
Q
A

GCSE BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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