TOPIC 2 PART 2 Flashcards
state what cardiovascular disease is
diseases involved with the heart or blood vessels
state what stents do
keep arteries open
-there tubes inserted inside arteries
* -they keep them open and make blood pass through to the heart muscles
* -lower risk of heart attacks
what is coronary heart disease
-when coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
as a consequence of CHD what happens to the arteries
-they become narrow
so blood flow is restricted
-lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, heart attacks
state the down sides of CHD
-developing blood clots near the stent called thrombosis
State the 2 ways of treatement of CHD
-increasing width of lumen of coronary ateries using a stent
-prescribing statins to lower blood cholesterol
Advantages of stents
- effective at reducing the risk of heart attacks as they widen lumens and inc blood flow
- last a long time
- simple minor surgery to insert stent
disadvantage of stents
- risk of blood clots
- risk of infection during surgery
- risk of damage to blood vessel during surgery
What are statins
drugs used to reduce levels of fatty deposits (cholesterol) in blood
3 advantages of statins
-reduced risk of strokes and CHD
-increases HDL cholestrol
-helps to prevent other diseases
disadvantages of statins
-long term drug that must be taken regularly. a risk of people forgetting to take them
-negative side effects e.g kidney failure, liver damage
-takes time for effects to kick in
artificial hearts
-mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whos hearts failed
-used as a temporary fix to keep a person alive until a donor heart is found
advantages of artifical hearts
-less likely to be rejected by the bodys immune system
-shorter waiting times
disadvantages for artifical hearts
-surgery for it leads to bleeding and infection
-they do not work as well as healthy natural ones
what can faulty valves be replaced with
-biological valves, from humans or other mammals
-mechanical valves, man-made
there weakened by heart attacks or infections
Falty heart valves
-they stiffen, preventing them from opening fully to let blood flow through
-reducing the volume of blood which can be pumped by the heart
Advantages and disadvantages of replacement valves
Biological
1. highly effective
2. less likely to leak
DISADV
1. need to be replaced after 12-15years
2. risk of immune rejection
Mechanical
1. long lasting
2. less need to replace
DISADV
1. increase the likelihood of blood clots
2. lifelong need to take anticoagulant
diseases can be
-communicable, ones spread from person to person or between animals and people
e.g measles or malaria
-noncommunicable, those that cannot spread between people
e.g cancer or asthma
state the problems with peoples immune system that causes
increased chance of suffering from communicable diseases e.g flu
-as body is less likely to defend itself against the pathogen
Risk factors for getting diseases
-lifestyle e.g alcohol consumption
-environment, lots of air pollution
immune system reactions leads to
mental health issues leads to
immune system reactions leads to allergic reactions
mental health issues leads to shorter life expectancy
state 3 factors that impact your health
- a good balanced diet
- stress
- life situation, e.g access to things
what type of disease does smoking
-smoking- lung cancer
-obesity, type 2diabetes
-alcohol, liver disease and affects brain function
-cancer
what type of disease does obesity cause
type 2diabetes
what type of disease does alcohol cause
liver disease and affects brain function
-damages nerve cells
non-communicable diseases
-tens of millions of people around the world die
-people with these diseases have a lower quality of life
-the cost to the NHS of researching and treating this disease is huge
discuss the human and financial cost of these non-communicable diseases to an individual, a local community, a nation or globally
by smoking
n individual who smokes cigarettes is far more likely to suffer lung cancer than an individual who doesn’t
Treatment for cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy – all of these require hospitalisation and access to the right medication
Hospitalisation utilises healthcare capacity and medicinal drugs – costing time and money at both a local and national level (and a personal level if healthcare is self-funded)
The individual with lung cancer may not be able to work whilst receiving treatment, this reduces their income and loss of work can have a profound effect on mental health
Nationally; the inability of individuals to work can affect a countries economy
A causal mechanism has been proven for some risk factors, but not in others
what is cancer caused by
-uncontrolled cell growth and division
-results in formation of a tumour
2types of tumour
-benign
-malignant
what is the tumour benign
-where tumour grows until theres no more room
-tumour stays in 1place (usually within membrane)
-isnt too dangerous or cancerous
what is malignant
-tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
-cells can break off, and travel in the bloodstream
-they then invade healthy tissues
state 2reasons why cancer survival rates have increased
-medical advances
-improved treatment
-being able to diagnose cancer ealier
-increased screening
state 5risk factors for cancer
- smoking, lung cancer
- obesity, kidney cancer
- UV exposure,skin cancer
- viral infection, liver cancer
- genetics, inherit faulty genes
Genetic risk factors for cancer
- individuals with faulty MMR genes are more likely to develop it
- individuals with faulty BRCA genes
what are plant cells organised into
-tissues e.g epidermal, palisade mesophyll
-organs e.g stems and roots
waxy cuticle
protective layer on top of leaf, preventing water from evaporating
spongy mesophyll
-contains internal air spaces that increases surface area to volume ratio for diffusion of gases
lower epidermis
contains guard cells and stomata
guard cells
absorbs and loses water to open and close stomata
palisade mesophyll
-column shaped cells tightly packed with chloroplasts to absorb more light 4 photosynth
upper epidermis
-thin and transparent
-to allow light to enter the palisade mesophyll layer underneath it
list what the epidermal tissue is for and how its adapted for its function
-covers whole plant
1. covered with waxy cuticle, helping to reduce water loss by evaportation
2. UPPER EPIDERMIS, transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
list what the palisade mesophyll tissue is for and how its adapted for its function
part of the leaf where most photosynthesis happens
1. lots of chloroplasts
2. top of leaf where they can get most light
list what the spongy mesophyll tissue is for
-big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells
what does phloem transport
food in dissolved sugars
-process is called translocation
-made of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls
list what the meristem tissue is for and how its adapted for its function
-found at growing tips of shoots and roots
-able to differentiate
xylem
-carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves
-made of dead cells
-strengthened by lignin
-called transpiration steam
what is transpiration
-caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface
-most happens at the leaves
(loss of water from plant)
how is transpiration rate affected
- light intensity
- temperature
- air flow
- humidity
how does light intensity affect transpiration rate
-brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate
how does temperature affect transpiration rate
-warmer it is the faster transpiration happens
how does air flow affect transpiration
-better the air flow, the greater the transpiration rate
how does humidty affect transpiration
the drier the air around a leaf, the faster transpiration happebs
how are guard cells adapeted to open and close stomata
-kindey shaped
thin outer walls and thickened inner walls
-plant has lots of water, guard cells are turgid
what makes up the plant organ system for transport of substances
-roots
-stem
-leaves
describe the process of transpiration
- the loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour
- -water travels up xylem from the roots into leaves of the plant to replace the water that has been lost due to transpiration
