TOPIC 2 PART 2 Flashcards
state what cardiovascular disease is
diseases involved with the heart or blood vessels
state what stents do
keep arteries open
-there tubes inserted inside arteries
* -they keep them open and make blood pass through to the heart muscles
* -lower risk of heart attacks
what is coronary heart disease
-when coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
as a consequence of CHD what happens to the arteries
-they become narrow
so blood flow is restricted
-lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, heart attacks
state the down sides of CHD
-developing blood clots near the stent called thrombosis
what do statins do
-reduce cholestrol in blood
-drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholestrol present in the bloodstream. It slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
3 advantages of statins
-reduced risk of strokes and CHD
-increases HDL cholestrol
-helps to prevent other diseases
disadvantages of statins
-long term drug that must be taken regularly. a risk of people forgetting to take them
-negative side effects e.g kidney failure, liver damage
-takes time for effects to kick in
artificial hearts
-mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whos hearts failed
-used as a temporary fix to keep a person alive until a donor heart is found
advantages of artifical hearts
-less likely to be rejected by the bodys immune system
-as there made by metals or plastics
disadvantages for artifical hearts
-surgery for it leads to bleeding and infection
-they do not work as well as healthy natural ones
what can faulty valves be replaced with
-biological valves, from humans or other mammals
-mechanical valves, man-made
there weakened by heart attacks or infections
importance of artificial blood
-when loosing loads of blood, the heart can still pump the remaining red blood cells around to get oxygen to their organs
-replaces red blood cells
diseases can be
-communicable, ones spread from person to person or between animals and people
e.g measles or malaria
-noncommunicable, those that cannot spread between people
e.g cancer or asthma
state the problems with peoples immune system that causes
increased chance of suffering from communicable diseases e.g flu
-as body is less likely to defend itself against the pathogen
state the problem of the disease hepatitis
increased chance of liver cancer
immune system reactions leads to
mental health issues leads to
immune system reactions leads to allergic reactions
mental health issues leads to shorter life expectancy
state 3 factors that impact your health
- a good balanced diet
- stress
- life situation, e.g access to things
what type of disease does smoking
-smoking- lung cancer
-obesity, type 2diabetes
-alcohol, liver disease and affects brain function
-cancer
what type of disease does obesity cause
type 2diabetes
what type of disease does alcohol cause
liver disease and affects brain function
-damages nerve cells
non-communicable diseases
-tens of millions of people around the world die
-people with these diseases have a lower quality of life
-the cost to the NHS of researching and treating this disease is huge
what is cancer caused by
-uncontrolled cell growth and division
-results in formation of a tumour
2types of tumour
-benign
-malignant
what is the tumour benign
-where tumour grows until theres no more room
-tumour stays in 1place (usually within membrane)
-isnt too dangerous or cancerous
what is malignant
-tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
-cells can break off, and travel in the bloodstream
-they then invade healthy tissues
state 2reasons why cancer survival rates have increased
-medical advances
-improved treatment
-being able to diagnose cancer ealier
-increased screening
state 5risk factors for cancer
- smoking, lung cancer
- obesity, kidney cancer
- UV exposure,skin cancer
- viral infection, liver cancer
- genetics, inherit faulty genes
what are plant cells organised into
-tissues e.g epidermal, palisade mesophyll
-organs e.g stems and roots
list what the epidermal tissue is for and how its adapted for its function
-covers whole plant
1. covered with waxy cuticle, helping to reduce water loss by evaportation
2. UPPER EPIDERMIS, transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
list what the palisade mesophyll tissue is for and how its adapted for its function
part of the leaf where most photosynthesis happens
1. lots of chloroplasts
2. top of leaf where they can get most light
list what the spongy mesophyll tissue is for
-big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells
what does phloem transport
food in dissolved sugars
-process is called translocation
-made of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls
list what the meristem tissue is for and how its adapted for its function
-found at growing tips of shoots and roots
-able to differentiate
xylem
-carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves
-made of dead cells
-strengthened by lignin
-called transpiration steam
what is transpiration
-caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface
-most happens at the leaves
(loss of water from plant)
how is transpiration rate affected
- light intensity
- temperature
- air flow
- humidity
how does light intensity affect transpiration rate
-brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate
how does temperature affect transpiration rate
-warmer it is the faster transpiration happens
how does air flow affect transpiration
-better the air flow, the greater the transpiration rate
how does humidty affect transpiration
the drier the air around a leaf, the faster transpiration happebs
how are guard cells adapeted to open and close stomata
-kindey shaped
thin outer walls and thickened inner walls
-plant has lots of water, guard cells are turgid
