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Science > Topic B5 > Flashcards

Topic B5 Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical mental and social well-being

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2
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread from person to person

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3
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

A disease that cannot spread between people

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms that cause communicable diseases

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5
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A

Fungus
Spread: wind
Signs: leaf loss, bark wounds
Ways to reduce spread: Remove infected ash trees and replant with different species

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6
Q

Malaria

A

Protist
Spread: Mosquitos
Signs: Damage to red blood cells, damage to liver
Ways to reduce spread: Mosquito nets, insect repellent

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7
Q

Cholera 

A

Bacterium

Spread: Water sources
Signs: Diarrhoea
Ways to reduce spread: Have clean water supplies

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8
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacterium

Spread: Airborne droplets (coughs and sneezes)
Signs: Coughing, lung damage
Ways to reduce spread: Infected people should-
-avoid crowds
-sleep alone
-practise good hygiene 

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9
Q

Sexually transmitted infection (STI)

A

Infection spread through sexual contact

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10
Q

Chlamydia

A

Bacterium

Spread: Sexual contact
Signs: Often none, can cause infertility
Ways to reduce spread: Wear a condom

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11
Q

HIV

A

Virus

Spread: Exchanging bodily fluids
Signs: Kills white blood cells, reduces immune response, leads to aids
Ways to reduce spread: Wear a condom, avoid sharing needles

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12
Q

Human defences against disease (PHYSICAL BARRIERS)

A

Skin (barrier to pathogens)
Mucus (lining airways trap dust+pathogens before they reach lungs)
Cilia (in airways push mucus up to throat so it can be swallowed)

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13
Q

Human defences against disease (CHEMICAL BARRIERS)

A

Hydrochloric acid (in stomach kills pathogens)
Lysozymes (in tears kill bacteria)

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14
Q

Specific immune response

A

The immune response to a specific pathogen

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15
Q

How pathogen killed

A
  1. Unique antigen/new pathogen in body
  2. Antigens trigger antibodies specific to pathogen to be produced
  3. Antibodies attack all copied of pathogen in body
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16
Q

Memory lymphocytes

A

Also produced-these stay in body for a long time and remember antigen

17
Q

Secondary immune response

A

First immune response, slow
Secondary immune response-faster and stronger. Memory lymphocytes trigger fast production of antibodies

18
Q

Immunisation

A

A process that makes an individual less likely to become ill from a specific communicable disease

19
Q

Antibiotics

A

-Only kill bacteria
-Inhibit processes in bacterial cells but not in the host organism

20
Q

Developing new medicines

A

Discovery-Scientist find molecules that could be used to fight a certain disease. New drug is then developed through testing
Preclinical testing-Test on human cells and tissues. Test on live animals
Clinical testing-Test on healthy volunteers. Test on ill patients (often double blind, some given drug, some given placebo)
*New drug approved by medical agency when tests show its safe and effective

21
Q

Placebos

A

Substances that are like the drug being tested but don’t do anything

22
Q

Risk factors for noncommunicable diseases

A

A lack of exercise-link to obesity
Poor diet-malnutrition or related disorders
Drinking-liver disease
Smoking cardiovascular disease

23
Q

Effects of noncommunicable diseases

A

Local-high levels of disease puts pressure on hospitals
National-reduces number of people who work
Global-noncommunicable diseases are common and affect people worldwide

24
Q

Waist to hip ratio

A

Waist circumference (cm) divide by hip circumference (cm)
Ratio above 1.0 (men) and 0.85 (women) indicates abdominal obesity

25
Q

BMI

A

Mass (KG) divide by Height (M squared)
<18.5 underweight
>30 obese

26
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Any disease to do with the heart and blood vessels

27
Q

Treatments of cardiovascular disease

A

-Lifestyle changes e.g. exercise- reduces risk of heart attack and stroke
-Life long medication-STATINS reduces cholesterol ANTICOAGULANTS reduce blood clots ANTIHYPERTENSIVES reduce blood pressure. All have side effects
-Surgical procedures-STENT (tube in artery) Keep arteries open so blood flows isn’t blocked CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY (Healthy blood vessel put in heart) reducing the risk of ❤️ attack DONOR ❤️ can treat heart failure. Surgery is risky

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