Topic B5 Flashcards
Health
State of complete physical mental and social well-being
Communicable disease
A disease that can be spread from person to person
Noncommunicable disease
A disease that cannot spread between people
Pathogens
Organisms that cause communicable diseases
Chalara ash dieback
Fungus
Spread: wind
Signs: leaf loss, bark wounds
Ways to reduce spread: Remove infected ash trees and replant with different species
Malaria
Protist
Spread: Mosquitos
Signs: Damage to red blood cells, damage to liver
Ways to reduce spread: Mosquito nets, insect repellent
Cholera 
Bacterium
Spread: Water sources
Signs: Diarrhoea
Ways to reduce spread: Have clean water supplies
Tuberculosis
Bacterium
Spread: Airborne droplets (coughs and sneezes)
Signs: Coughing, lung damage
Ways to reduce spread: Infected people should-
-avoid crowds
-sleep alone
-practise good hygiene 
Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
Infection spread through sexual contact
Chlamydia
Bacterium
Spread: Sexual contact
Signs: Often none, can cause infertility
Ways to reduce spread: Wear a condom
HIV
Virus
Spread: Exchanging bodily fluids
Signs: Kills white blood cells, reduces immune response, leads to aids
Ways to reduce spread: Wear a condom, avoid sharing needles
Human defences against disease (PHYSICAL BARRIERS)
Skin (barrier to pathogens)
Mucus (lining airways trap dust+pathogens before they reach lungs)
Cilia (in airways push mucus up to throat so it can be swallowed)
Human defences against disease (CHEMICAL BARRIERS)
Hydrochloric acid (in stomach kills pathogens)
Lysozymes (in tears kill bacteria)
Specific immune response
The immune response to a specific pathogen
How pathogen killed
- Unique antigen/new pathogen in body
- Antigens trigger antibodies specific to pathogen to be produced
- Antibodies attack all copied of pathogen in body
Memory lymphocytes
Also produced-these stay in body for a long time and remember antigen
Secondary immune response
First immune response, slow
Secondary immune response-faster and stronger. Memory lymphocytes trigger fast production of antibodies
Immunisation
A process that makes an individual less likely to become ill from a specific communicable disease
Antibiotics
-Only kill bacteria
-Inhibit processes in bacterial cells but not in the host organism
Developing new medicines
Discovery-Scientist find molecules that could be used to fight a certain disease. New drug is then developed through testing
Preclinical testing-Test on human cells and tissues. Test on live animals
Clinical testing-Test on healthy volunteers. Test on ill patients (often double blind, some given drug, some given placebo)
*New drug approved by medical agency when tests show its safe and effective
Placebos
Substances that are like the drug being tested but don’t do anything
Risk factors for noncommunicable diseases
A lack of exercise-link to obesity
Poor diet-malnutrition or related disorders
Drinking-liver disease
Smoking cardiovascular disease
Effects of noncommunicable diseases
Local-high levels of disease puts pressure on hospitals
National-reduces number of people who work
Global-noncommunicable diseases are common and affect people worldwide
Waist to hip ratio
Waist circumference (cm) divide by hip circumference (cm)
Ratio above 1.0 (men) and 0.85 (women) indicates abdominal obesity
BMI
Mass (KG) divide by Height (M squared)
<18.5 underweight
>30 obese
Cardiovascular disease
Any disease to do with the heart and blood vessels
Treatments of cardiovascular disease
-Lifestyle changes e.g. exercise- reduces risk of heart attack and stroke
-Life long medication-STATINS reduces cholesterol ANTICOAGULANTS reduce blood clots ANTIHYPERTENSIVES reduce blood pressure. All have side effects
-Surgical procedures-STENT (tube in artery) Keep arteries open so blood flows isn’t blocked CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY (Healthy blood vessel put in heart) reducing the risk of ❤️ attack DONOR ❤️ can treat heart failure. Surgery is risky
