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Topic B3 Flashcards

1
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

Inheritance of a single characteristic

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

23

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3
Q

Which chromosome pair determines the sex?

A

23rd

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4
Q

Female gametes

A

XX

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5
Q

Male gametes

A

XY

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6
Q

Family pedigree

A

-Show how genetic disorders are inherited
-horizontal lines link parents
-vertical lines connect parents to children

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7
Q

Variation

A

Differences in characteristics of organisms

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8
Q

Mutation

A

-Random change to order of bases in DNA (order determines what protein is made)
-not all mutations affect phenotypes

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9
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences in the genes individuals inherit

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10
Q

Environmental variation

A

Variation due to conditions organism developed in- acquired characteristics e.g leaf colour

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11
Q

The Human Genome Project

A

-complete human genome worked out
-genes linked to diseases can be identified

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12
Q

What does the human genome project help with?

A

-prediction and prevention
-treatment and genetic disorders
-developing medicines

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13
Q

DNA

A

Polymer made up of 2 strands coiled into a double helix

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14
Q

Parts of a DNA strand

A

-phosphate
-nucleotide (repeating, make up DNA polymer)
-sugar
-bases

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15
Q

Base pairs held together by weak hydrogen bonds

A

AT
CG

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16
Q

Stages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Parents produce haploid gametes (sex cells)
  2. Gametes combine during sex
  3. Diploid zygote (fertilised egg) is produced, contains csomes from both parents
17
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long molecules of DNA that normally come in pairs

18
Q

Haploid

A

Containing 1 copy of csome 

19
Q

Diploid

A

Containing two copies of each chromosome, normal cells

20
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells

21
Q

Stages of meiosis

A

-DNA copied
-Division 1, 1 copy of each chromosome produced
-Division 2, 4 haploid gametes produced

22
Q

Stages of extracting DNA from fruit

A
  1. Mash fruit+detergent (breaks down cell membranes to release DNA)+salt (makes DNA stick together)
  2. Mix well
  3. Filter the mixture+ice cold alcohol
  4. DNA appears as a white stringy precipitate. Fish out with glass rod
23
Q

Genome

A

All of an organism’s DNA

24
Q

Gene 

A

A small section of DNA 

25
Q

Allele

A

A version of a gene

26
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed (used to make protein)

27
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is only expressed when 2 copies are present

28
Q

HomozygouS

A

Alleles for a trait are the same

29
Q

HeTerozygous

A

An organisms alleles for a trait are different

30
Q

Genotype

A

An organisms combination of alleles

31
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics an organism has

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