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GCSE Biology > Topic B4 Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Topic B4 Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis produces Glucose using….

A

Light.

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2
Q

Where does Photosynthesis take place in a plant?

A

In the Chlorophyll that is inside Chloroplasts.

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3
Q

What kind of reaction is Photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic.

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4
Q

Give the word equation for Photosynthesis:

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water ——- Glucose + Oxygen.

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5
Q

Give the chemical symbol for Carbon Dioxide:

A

CO 2.

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6
Q

Give the chemical symbol for Water:

A

H2O.

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7
Q

Give the chemical symbol for Glucose:

A

C6 H12 O6.

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8
Q

Give the chemical symbol for Oxygen:

A

O2.

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9
Q

What 5 ways do plants use Glucose for? (OSCAR)

A

Oils or fatsStarchCell walls (cellulose)Amino AcidsRespiration

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10
Q

Plants use Glucose for respiration.Explain this.

A

This transfers energy from glucose and allows the plant to change the rest of the glucose into other useful substances.

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11
Q

Plants use Glucose for making cell walls.Explain this.

A

Glucose is changed into cellulose for making strong plant cell walls.

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12
Q

Plants use Glucose for making amino acids.Explain this.

A

Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids. Nitrate ions are absorbed from the soils.

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13
Q

What are amino acids used for?

A

To make protein.

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14
Q

Plants use Glucose to store it as oils or fat.Explain this.

A

Glucose is turned into lipids for storing in seeds.

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15
Q

Plants use Glucose to store it as starch.Explain this.

A

Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves. Plants can use this starch when photosynthesis ISN’T happening.

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16
Q

Starch is INSOLUBLE. What does this mean? Why is it good?

A

It can’t be dissolved. It is better for storing than glucose. A cell with lots of glucose would draw in loads of water and swell up.

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17
Q

Give the 3 things photosynthesis is affected by:

A

1) Intensity of light (how bright).2) Concentration of Carbon Dioxide.3) Temperature.

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18
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Something that stops photosynthesis from happening any faster.

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19
Q

Give 2 ways chlorophyll can be a limiting factor of photosynthesis:

A

1) the amount of chlorophyll can be affected by disease.2) also be affected by changes in the environment such as lack of nutrients.These can make chloroplasts become damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll so they can’t absorb as much light for photosynthesis.

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20
Q

Usually if the temprature in photosynthesis is the limiting factor it’s because it’s too low. Explain why:

A

Because the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at low temperatures but if they are too hot it won’t happen at all.

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21
Q

What is Respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose, which goes in every cell.

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22
Q

Is Respiration exothermic? Why?

A

Yes because it transfers energy to the environment.

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23
Q

3 examples of how organisms use the energy transferred by Respiration:

A

1) to build up larger molecules from smaller ones.2) in animals, to move about.3) in mammals and birds, to keep warm.

24
Q

In some reactions in the body larger molecules are made from smaller ones. Give an example of this:

A

1) lipid molecules are each made from one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids.

25
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions in an organism.

26
Q

In some reactions larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Give 2 examples of this:

A

1) glucose is broken down in Respiration which transfers energy to power all the reactions in the body that make molecules.2) excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea which is then excreted in urine.

27
Q

What is AEROBIC RESPIRATION? When does this occur?

A

Respiration using oxygen. It goes on all the time in plants and animals.

28
Q

Most of the reactions in aerobic respiration happen inside the…

A

Mitochondria.

29
Q

Give the word equation for Respiration:

A

Glucose + Oxygen = carbon dioxide and water.

30
Q

Give the chemical symbol equation for Respiration:

A

C6 H12 O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O

31
Q

When is Anaerobic Respiration used?

A

When there is not enough oxygen for example when you do hard exercise your body sometimes can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles.

32
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose ( the glucose isn’t broken down properly).

33
Q

Give the word equation for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION in music cells:

A

Glucose ——-> Lactic Acid

34
Q

Anaerobic respiration does not transfer anywhere near as much energy as aerobic respiration. Why?

A

Because the glucose has not combined with oxygen like it does in aerobic respiration. The oxidation of glucose is not complete.

35
Q

Give the word equation for Anaerobic Respiration in plants and yeast cells:

A

Glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide.

36
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called….

A

Fermentation.

37
Q

Why is the fermentation by yeast is of great value in the foods and drinks industry?

A

The carbon dioxide from fermentation makes bread rise. Also, the process produces alcohol.

38
Q

Muscles need energy from respiration to…

A

Contract (shorten).

39
Q

When you exercise some of your muscles contract more often which means you need more energy. Where does this energy come from?

A

Increased Respiration.

40
Q

The increase in Respiration in your cells mean you need to get more oxygen into them. Give 3 ways you do this:

A

1) your breathing rate increases.2) your breath volume (how deep the breaths you take are) increases.3) your heart rate increases.

41
Q

How does increased breathing rate and breath volume help you when exercising?

A

It gets oxygen into your blood quicker.

42
Q

Explain how increasing your heart rate can help you when you’re exercising:

A

It gets the oxygenated blood around the body faster.

43
Q

Why is Anaerobic Respiration not the best way to transfer energy from glucose?

A

Because lactic acid builds up in the muscles which gets painful.

44
Q

Long periods of exercise cause…

A

Muscle fatigue - when the muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently.

45
Q

After anaerobic respiration stops, you’ll have an oxygen debt. What’s that?

A

The amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from cells.

46
Q

How does oxygen debt affect your lungs, heart and blood?

A

Your lungs, heart and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand for oxygen earlier on so you have to repay the oxygen that you didn’t get to your muscles in time. So you have to keep breathing hard for a while after you stop = more oxygen transported to muscle cells.

47
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A

Long period of exercise.

48
Q

Oxygen production shows the rate of photosynthesis. Give the first 4 steps on how to use pondweed to measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis:

A

1) a ruler is used to measure a set distance from the pondweed.
2) a light is placed at that distance.
3) leave pondweed to photosynthesis for a set amount of time.
4) any variables that affect the results should be controlled e.g. Temperature and the time it is left to photosynthesise.

49
Q

What happens as you left the pondweed to photosynthesise?

A

The oxygen released will build up in the capillary tube.

50
Q

What happens at the end of the pondweed practical? (2)

What does this tell you? (1)

A

1) the syringe is used to draw the gas bubble in the tube up alongside a ruler.
2) the length of the gas bubble is measured.
3) the length of it tells you how much oxygen has been produced during that amount. The longer it is, the faster the rate of photosynthesis.

51
Q

Give the final steps to the pondweed practical:

A

9) the experiment is repeated twice with the lamp at the same distance.
10) the mean length of the gas bubble is calculated.
11) repeat again with the light source at different distances from the pondweed.

52
Q

How else does your body cope with high levels of lactic acid?

A

The blood that enters your muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where lactic acid is converted to glucose

53
Q

Greenhouses help to…

A

Trap the sun’s heat and make sure the temperature doesn’t become limiting for plant growth.

54
Q

How can farmers improve settings in a greenhouse? (3)

A

Heator/ventilation to keep temperature at ideal level

Artificial light improve light intensity for photosynthesis

Increase carbon dioxide , paraffin heater

55
Q

Keeping plants enclosed in a greenhouse makes it easier to…

A

Keep them free from pests and diseases . Farmers can also add fertilisers to soil to provide all minerals for healthy growth.

56
Q

Is a greenhouse expensive?

Is it worth it though?

A

Yes . However it’s worth it because the plants grow well and can be harvested more often resulting in more money for the farmer.

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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