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Biology Paper 1 > Topic B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic B2 - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A basic building block that all organisms have. Singular.

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together.

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together. E.g stomach

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together

E.g digestive system

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5
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyse (speed up) chemical reactions

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6
Q

What stops an enzyme working?

A

High temperatures
High/Low pHs

By changing shape of the active site

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7
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break BIG molecules down into smaller molecules

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8
Q

Why do digestive enzymes break molecules down?

A

So that they can pass through the walls of the digestive system.

Then be absorbed into the blood

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9
Q

What are the three types of enzymes?

A

Amylase (carbohydrase)
Protease
Lipase

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10
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch (carbohydrate)

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11
Q

What does amylase break starch down into?

A

Maltose and other sugars.

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12
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands
Small intestine
Pancreas

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13
Q

What does protease break down?

A

Protein

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14
Q

What does protein break down into?

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach
Small Intestine
Pancreas

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16
Q

What does lipase break down?

A

Lipids

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17
Q

What do lipids break down into?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

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18
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Small Intestine

Pancreas

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19
Q

How does bile speed up digestion?

A

1) Makes conditions alkaline so enzymes work better in small intestine
2) Emulsifies fat so there is a larger surface area for lipase to work on

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20
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall Bladder

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21
Q

What are the two circuits in the double circulatory system?

A

Circuit 1

  • Right Ventricle
  • Lungs
  • Heart

Circuit 2

  • Left Ventricle
  • Rest Of Body
  • Heart
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22
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

Supply heart with oxygenated blood

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23
Q

What vein takes blood from lungs to heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

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24
Q

What artery takes blood from heart to lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

25
Q

What vein takes blood from body to heart?

A

Vena Cava

26
Q

What artery takes blood from heart to body?

A

Aorta

27
Q

What do pacemaker cells do?

A

Control resting heart rate

28
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found?

A

Right Atrium

29
Q

Why would someone need an artificial pacemaker?

A

Because there pacemaker cells don’t work properly

30
Q

How are arteries built?

A

Thick Muscle
Elastic layers
High pressure

31
Q

How are capillaries built?

A

Thin permeable walls for diffusion.

32
Q

How are veins built?

A

Thin walls

33
Q

Rate of blood flow formula

A

Volume of blood
————————
Time Taken

34
Q

What are the 4 blood components?

A
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
35
Q

What is the function of Red Blood Cells?

A

Carry oxygen around the body

36
Q

What is the function of White Blood Cells?

A

Defend Against Infection

37
Q

What is the function of Platelets?

A

Help blood to clot a wound

38
Q

What is the function of Plasma?

A

Carries everything in the blood

39
Q

How are Red Blood Cells adapted for oxygen carrying?

A

1) No Nucleus - More Room for O2
2) Contains haemoglobin - binds to O2
3) Large Surface Area

40
Q

How do white blood cells defend against infection?

A

Release:
Phagocytosis
Antitoxins
Antibodies

41
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells

42
Q

What is plasma?

A

A liquid that carries everything in the blood

e.g
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Amino Acids
- Hormones
- CO2
Etc.

43
Q

Cardiovascular Diseases Definition

A

Diseases or the heart or blood vessels

44
Q

What is an example of a cardiovascular disease?

A

Coronary Heat Disease

45
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When blood flow is restricted by fatty deposits, in a blood vessel, causing a lack of oxygen to the heart.

46
Q

What are the 5 treatments for cardiovascular disease?

A

1) Statins
2) Stent
3) Heart Transplant
4) Artificial Heart
5) Replacement Heart Valves

47
Q

What are the pros and cons of statins?

A

Pros:
- Reduce amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood, slows formation of fatty deposits

Cons:

  • Long-Term
  • Can Have Negative Side Effects
48
Q

What are the pros and cons of using a stent as treatment for cardiovascular disease?

A

Pros:

  • Keeps arteries open for a long time
  • Recovery time from surgery is quick

Cons:

  • Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
  • Artificial Devices can leave to thrombosis (blood clots)
49
Q

What are the pros and cons of a heart transplant?

A

Pros:

  • can treat heart failure
  • donor hearts work better than artificial ones

Cons:

Cons:

  • Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
  • Donor hearts or halves can be rejected by immune system
50
Q

What are the pros and cons of an artificial heart for treatment of cardiovascular diseases?

A

Pros:
- can be used whilst waiting for a donor heart or while heart is healing

Cons:

Cons:

  • Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
  • Artificial Devices can leave to thrombosis (blood clots)
51
Q

What are the pros and cons of replacing heart valves for treatment of a cardiovascular disease?

A

Pros:
- Can treat severe valve damage

Cons:

Cons:

  • Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
  • Artificial Devices can leave to thrombosis (blood clots)
  • Donor hearts or valves can be rejected by the immune system
52
Q

Health Definition

A

The state or physical and mental well-being

53
Q

What 4 things can affect health?

A

1) Disease
2) Stress
3) Diet
4) Life situation e.g access to health care

54
Q

What are the two types of diseases?

A

Communicable

Non-Communicable

55
Q

What 4 ways may diseases interact?

A

-> = can be made more likely

1) Immune disorder -> communicable
diseases

2) Infection by certain viruses -> certain cancers
3) Pathogen infection that causes an immune system reaction -> allergic reactions
4) Severe physical health problems -> mental health issues

56
Q

Risk Factors Definition

A

Things that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime.

57
Q

What are the 5 risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

A

1) Lack of Exercise, Unhealthy Diet
- Cardiovascular Diseases

2) Obesity - Type 2 diabetes
3) Too Much Alcohol - Liver Disease
4) Smoking - Lung Cancer
5) Exposure to Carcinogens - Cancer

58
Q

Pathogens definition

A

Microorganisms that cause disease which spread between organisms.

59
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

1) Dead or inactive pathogens
2) White blood cells produce antibodies
3) If pathogens come back, body attacks with antibodies so you don’t get ill

Biology Paper 1 (3 decks)

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