Topic B2 - Organisation Flashcards
What is a cell?
A basic building block that all organisms have. Singular.
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells that work together.
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that work together. E.g stomach
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together
E.g digestive system
What do enzymes do?
Catalyse (speed up) chemical reactions
What stops an enzyme working?
High temperatures
High/Low pHs
By changing shape of the active site
What do digestive enzymes do?
Break BIG molecules down into smaller molecules
Why do digestive enzymes break molecules down?
So that they can pass through the walls of the digestive system.
Then be absorbed into the blood
What are the three types of enzymes?
Amylase (carbohydrase)
Protease
Lipase
What does amylase do?
Breaks down starch (carbohydrate)
What does amylase break starch down into?
Maltose and other sugars.
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary glands
Small intestine
Pancreas
What does protease break down?
Protein
What does protein break down into?
Amino acids
Where is protease produced?
Stomach
Small Intestine
Pancreas
What does lipase break down?
Lipids
What do lipids break down into?
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Where is lipase produced?
Small Intestine
Pancreas
How does bile speed up digestion?
1) Makes conditions alkaline so enzymes work better in small intestine
2) Emulsifies fat so there is a larger surface area for lipase to work on
Where is bile stored?
Gall Bladder
What are the two circuits in the double circulatory system?
Circuit 1
- Right Ventricle
- Lungs
- Heart
Circuit 2
- Left Ventricle
- Rest Of Body
- Heart
What are coronary arteries?
Supply heart with oxygenated blood
What vein takes blood from lungs to heart?
Pulmonary vein
What artery takes blood from heart to lungs?
Pulmonary artery
What vein takes blood from body to heart?
Vena Cava
What artery takes blood from heart to body?
Aorta
What do pacemaker cells do?
Control resting heart rate
Where are pacemaker cells found?
Right Atrium
Why would someone need an artificial pacemaker?
Because there pacemaker cells don’t work properly
How are arteries built?
Thick Muscle
Elastic layers
High pressure
How are capillaries built?
Thin permeable walls for diffusion.
How are veins built?
Thin walls
Rate of blood flow formula
Volume of blood
————————
Time Taken
What are the 4 blood components?
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Platelets
- Plasma
What is the function of Red Blood Cells?
Carry oxygen around the body
What is the function of White Blood Cells?
Defend Against Infection
What is the function of Platelets?
Help blood to clot a wound
What is the function of Plasma?
Carries everything in the blood
How are Red Blood Cells adapted for oxygen carrying?
1) No Nucleus - More Room for O2
2) Contains haemoglobin - binds to O2
3) Large Surface Area
How do white blood cells defend against infection?
Release:
Phagocytosis
Antitoxins
Antibodies
What are platelets?
Fragments of cells
What is plasma?
A liquid that carries everything in the blood
e.g
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Amino Acids
- Hormones
- CO2
Etc.
Cardiovascular Diseases Definition
Diseases or the heart or blood vessels
What is an example of a cardiovascular disease?
Coronary Heat Disease
What is coronary heart disease?
When blood flow is restricted by fatty deposits, in a blood vessel, causing a lack of oxygen to the heart.
What are the 5 treatments for cardiovascular disease?
1) Statins
2) Stent
3) Heart Transplant
4) Artificial Heart
5) Replacement Heart Valves
What are the pros and cons of statins?
Pros:
- Reduce amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood, slows formation of fatty deposits
Cons:
- Long-Term
- Can Have Negative Side Effects
What are the pros and cons of using a stent as treatment for cardiovascular disease?
Pros:
- Keeps arteries open for a long time
- Recovery time from surgery is quick
Cons:
- Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
- Artificial Devices can leave to thrombosis (blood clots)
What are the pros and cons of a heart transplant?
Pros:
- can treat heart failure
- donor hearts work better than artificial ones
Cons:
Cons:
- Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
- Donor hearts or halves can be rejected by immune system
What are the pros and cons of an artificial heart for treatment of cardiovascular diseases?
Pros:
- can be used whilst waiting for a donor heart or while heart is healing
Cons:
Cons:
- Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
- Artificial Devices can leave to thrombosis (blood clots)
What are the pros and cons of replacing heart valves for treatment of a cardiovascular disease?
Pros:
- Can treat severe valve damage
Cons:
Cons:
- Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
- Artificial Devices can leave to thrombosis (blood clots)
- Donor hearts or valves can be rejected by the immune system
Health Definition
The state or physical and mental well-being
What 4 things can affect health?
1) Disease
2) Stress
3) Diet
4) Life situation e.g access to health care
What are the two types of diseases?
Communicable
Non-Communicable
What 4 ways may diseases interact?
-> = can be made more likely
1) Immune disorder -> communicable
diseases
2) Infection by certain viruses -> certain cancers
3) Pathogen infection that causes an immune system reaction -> allergic reactions
4) Severe physical health problems -> mental health issues
Risk Factors Definition
Things that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime.
What are the 5 risk factors for non-communicable diseases?
1) Lack of Exercise, Unhealthy Diet
- Cardiovascular Diseases
2) Obesity - Type 2 diabetes
3) Too Much Alcohol - Liver Disease
4) Smoking - Lung Cancer
5) Exposure to Carcinogens - Cancer
Pathogens definition
Microorganisms that cause disease which spread between organisms.
How do vaccinations work?
1) Dead or inactive pathogens
2) White blood cells produce antibodies
3) If pathogens come back, body attacks with antibodies so you don’t get ill
