Topic B- Unit 1 Flashcards
What is nature
the genetic inheritance and other biological factors
What is nurture
the influence of external factors after conception such as social and environmental factors
What are three different parenting styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
What is authorative parenting
Parents are not overly strict. Children are brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries. Children are often more resilient and conform more easily to social norms of society.
What is authoritarian parenting
Parents have high expectations and often have strict rules and regulations. Children are often rebellious and become more problematic both at home and society
What is permissive parenting
Parents do not have many demands for their children and may be reluctant to implement rules or values into their children’s lives. Children lack self-control because they have no set boundaries, may later experience problems in managing relationships and adult responsibilities
What is a predictable event
Events that are expected to happen at a particular time. Such as starting school.
What is an unpredictable event
Events that happen unexpectedly. Such as an accident
What is predisposition
A vulnerability to a certain condition
What is a genetic predisposition
Inheriting the vulnerability from either one or both your biological parents. It does not mean that it is certain that you develop the condition.
What are examples of genetic conditions
Cystic fibrosis
Brittle bone disease
Phenylketonuria
Huntington’s disease
Down’s syndrome
Describe the stress diathesis model
explains how stress caused by life events (nurture) can interact with an individual’s genetic vulnerability (nature) to impact on their mental welll being. some individuals are born with certain genetic predispositions to a psychological ill health, referred to diathesis.
What can result in physchological ill-health/disorder?
High levels of stress
Family conflict
Abuse
Trauma
Problems at school
can all trigger the onset of a behaviour for those with a genetic predisposition
What does Bandura’s social learning theory suggest
Learning occurs through observing the behaviour of others. Children model behaviours and may imitate unwanted behaviour.
What does Gesell’s Maturation Theory suggest
Children move through milestones at their own pace.
Each development is predetermined and the environment has little influence
If a child experiences delayed development, the problem is hereditary
What is the Holmes- Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Holmes and Rahe developed a questionnaire the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), which identified major stressful life events- (43), with a different score for stress levels.
They discovered that the higher score and the importance of each event identified, the more likely an individual is to become unwell.
What is stress
An automatic respone to dealing with challenging situations or life events.
How do hormones affect an individual who is stressed
The body is flooded with hormones that raise heart rate, increase blood pressure, boost energy and prepare them to deal with the problem- fight or flight mechanism.
What are physical effects of stress
Fatigued
Inability to sleep
Headaches
Over/Under eating
Smoking
Drinking too much alcohol
Risk of cardiovascular problems due to high levels of stress hormones e.g high blood pressure
What are emotional effects of stress
Lack of motivation
Unable to concentrate
Anxiety attacks
Depression
What is the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty
Absolute povery- cannot afford essential resources.
Relative poverty- can afford basic resources but not much else
How can low income impact an individuals PIES
Physical- impact on diet, limited activities to take part in e.g football lessons, low life expectancy
Intellectual- education, work
Emotional- mental health, self-esteem/image, stress
Social- social events e.g birthday parties for a child, social relationships, cost of travel limits interactions
What can exposure to pollution cause
Respiratory problems e.g asthma and COPD.
Cardiovascular problems
Allergies
What can poor housing conditions cause
Respiratory disorders
Cardiovascular problems
Hypothermia
Anxiety and Depression
What are risks of smoking during pregnancy
The nicotine inhaled during smoking contains carbon dioxide which gets into the blood stream, restricting the amount of oxygen to the foetus.
Children weigh less at birth, more prone to infections and twice as likely to die of cot death.
What is a risk of drinking alcohol during pregnancy
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome can occur. A child will have developmental and physical defects which will have life long effects.
What are physical effects of foetal alcohol syndrome
Small head
Thin upper lip
Short Nose
Heart defects
Smaller in size
What are intellectual effects of foetal alcohol syndrome
Learning difficulties
Neurological problems
What are dietary restrictions for religions
Muslims do not eat pork or drink alcohol
Jews do not eat pork or shellfish
Hindu/Sikh diets are vegetarian
What are deficiencies that can develop due to dietary restrictions?
Nutritional deficieny due to no meat and fish
Calcium deficiency- can lead to weakened bones and teeth
Iron and Vitamin B12 Deficiency- can affect production of red blood cells
Protein deficiency- can affect muscle and organ function and the elasticity of skin and weakened bones
