Topic A- Unit 1

Question 1

What is growth

Answer 1

The variable across different parts of the body and is an increase in some measured quantity such as height or weight

Question 2

What is development

Answer 2

complex changes that follow an orderly sequence, including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities such as walking

Question 3

Define gross motor skills

Answer 3

large movements that involve using the larger muscles in the body, for example rolling over

Question 4

Define fine motor skills

Answer 4

smaller movements which requires precise direction and involves smaller muscles, for example picking up a pencil between the finger and thumb

Question 5

What are the four key physical milestones in infancy.

Answer 5

Sitting up (6 months)
Standing (8–10 months)
Cruising(8-10 months)
Walking (12-13 months)

Question 6

Define the palmar grasp

Answer 6

Occurs 5-6 months. when an object is placed in the infants hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp. for example when grasping a toy or eating food

Question 7

Define pincer grasp

Answer 7

Occurs at 9-12 months. Using the index and thumb or index and middle fingers opposing the thumb to pick up small objects.

Question 8

Define tripod grasp

Answer 8

Occurs 3-4 years. Using the thumb, index and middle finger. It is the most functional grasp for gaining food pencil skills.

Question 9

What is puberty?

Answer 9

A period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce and sexual characteristics develop.

Question 10

What are hormones?

Answer 10

Chemical substances produced in the body and transported into the blood stream that control or regulate body cells or body organs. For example sex hormones.

Question 11

What is the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 11

Primary - changes and development of reproductive organs. present at birth and develop during puberty
Secondary- outward/external signs of development. develop during puberty

Question 12

What are physical symptoms of perimenopause

Answer 12

Hot flushes
Night sweats
Loss of libido
Vaginal dryness

Question 13

What are effects of the menopause

Answer 13

Irregular menstrual cycle
Reduction of fertile eggs in ovaries
Shrinkage of sexual organs

Question 14

What are the life stages

Answer 14

Infancy (0-2 years)
Early Childhood (3-8 years)
Adolescence (9-18 years)
Early adulthood (19-45 years)
Middle adulthood (45-65 years)
Later adulthood (65 years +)

Question 15

What is object permanence

Answer 15

The idea that an object still exists, even if the child can’t see it.

Question 16

What is abstract logical thinking

Answer 16

the ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically.

Question 17

What is egocentric thinking

Answer 17

Not being able to see a situation from another person’s point of view. Infants use egocentric thinking- 2-7 years.

Question 18

What is concrete logical thinking

Answer 18

The ability to solve problems providing the individual can see or physically handle the issues involved.

Question 19

What is self- concept

Answer 19

A combination of self esteem and self image

Question 20

What is self image

Answer 20

Mental picture or personal view an individual has of themselves

Question 21

What are the 3 stages of play in infancy and childhood

Answer 21

Solo Play
Parallel Play
Cooperative Play

Question 22

What is solo play

Answer 22

limited social, cognitive and physical skills. infants play alone but are able to explore the environment at their own pace.

Question 23

What is parallel play

Answer 23

playing alongside other children. little interaction as each infant is engrossed in their own independent activity.

Question 24

What is cooperative play

Answer 24

begin to play with another child due to language development. social network group and relationship is widened - e.g. friendships

Question 25

What is a self-esteem

Answer 25

How you value and perceive yourself

Question 26

What are the main functions of primary and secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 26

They act as a desirable traits that a male look for in a female.
Signal reproduction

Question 27

What are examples of primary sexual characteristics

Answer 27

Female- uterus enlarges and the vagina lengthens
menstrual cycle begins
Male- enlargement of penis and testes
testicles begin to produce sperm

Question 28

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development

Answer 28

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Formal Operational (11-18 years)

Question 29

What does the theory of conservation suggest

Answer 29

Something’s appearance might change but the quantity will stay the same.
Children in the concrete operational stage are able to conserve

Question 30

What is egocentrism

Answer 30

A child’s inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view. Children assume that other adults and children see feel and hear the same as they do. Occurs in the preoperational stage

Question 31

What is a schema

Answer 31

A category of knowledge as well as a process of acquiring knowledge that children go through

Question 32

What does Piaget suggest about the development of schemas

Answer 32

Children go through a series of stages of intellectual development, he called the stages schemas.

Question 33

What is the process of Piaget’s development of schemas

Answer 33

A child develops concepts about the world around them (a state of equilibrium). As they experience situations where new information is presented, the schemas are upset and they reach a state of disequilibrium. As new information is accomodated, the original schemas are modified or changed so the child reaches a state of equilibrium again.

Question 34

What are strengths of Piaget’s model of cognitive development

Answer 34

It has influenced early education e.g the existence of discovery play.
Considers nature and nurture- takes all explanations of learning into consideration.
It has stimulated much further research which has increased knowledge of chldren’s cognitive development and influenced teaching methods.

Question 35

What are weaknesses of Piaget’s model of cognitive development

Answer 35

It is based on observations on a small number of children- difficult to say all children will go through these stages.
May be more fluid- underestimate or overestimate children’s cognitive abilities
Bruner disagrees- believes with adult support, children can be helped to progress to higher level thinking skills. It may depend on the amount of encouragement they have received to think logically.
Some research suggests that children take longer than 11 years to become skilled at abstract logical thinking.
Cognitive development might not be a part of the maturation process- it can depend on a child’s environment and quality of formal and informal education.

Question 36

What does Chomsky’s Model of Language Acquistion suggest

Answer 36

The ability to develop language is genetically programmed into individuals.
All individuals have the ability to understand and use laguage regardless of other abilities.
Become fluent in their first language by the age of 5 or 6.

Question 37

What is the Language Acquistion Device (LAD)

Answer 37

All individuals are born with a LAD that enables children to recognise and develop the language they experience. Their ability to understand and develop language has evolved naturally.

Question 38

What are strenths of Chomsky’s model of Language Acquistion

Answer 38

Children learning to speak never make grammatical errors such as getting their subjects, verbs and objects in the wrong order.
If an dult deliberately said a grammatically incorrect sentence, the child would notice.
Children often say things that are ungrammatical, which they cannot have learned from others.
Children go through the same stages of language acquistion at similar times regardless of language spoken.
Chomsky belives that children cannot learn language through immitation alone.

Question 39

What are weaknesses of Chomsky’s model of Language Acquistion

Answer 39

There is a lack of scientific evidence to support his theory.
Bruner argues that social interaction is critical in the early stages of development and has far more influence on children.
Chomsky did not take into consideration children who experienced delayed language development for a variety of reasons such as a child who may have Down’s syndrome.

Question 40

What are the four key theories of attachment

Answer 40

Bowlby’s theory of attachment
Rutter’s theory of attachment
Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment
Ainworth’s types of attachment

Question 41

What does the pituarity glands do

Answer 41

Releases sex hormoes in males and females.
It controls the onset and rate of change during puberty.

Question 42

How do hormone levels affect an adolescent emotionally

Answer 42

As hormone levels go up and down, they can cause mood swings

Question 43

What are the females hormones and what do they do

Answer 43

Oestrogen and Progesterone.
The ovaries produce these hormones and they are responsible for changes including ovulation and menstruation.
Oestrogen causes eggs to mature in the ovaries

Question 44

What is the male hormone and what does it do

Answer 44

Testosterone.
It is produced by the testes and stimulates sperm production. It is also responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 45

What are sex hormones responsible for

Answer 45

Stimulating secondary sexual characteristics (puberty)