Topic B Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

what makes up matter?
what makes up energy?

A

matter is made up of mass and volume—->atoms
energy is made up of work and force—->temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the properties of life?

A

metabolism
growth
response
control
structural similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is mass?

A

amount of matter in a given object
does not change wherever the object is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

all matter has?

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is matter composed of?
what is isolated (pure)?
what is combined/mixed?

A

-composed of elements
-isolated: cannot be broken down to simple things=pure (one type of atom)
-combined/mixed: can be broken down=mixtures/compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

kinetic vs potential energy

A

kinetic: energy of motion
potential: stored energy an object has due to its position/composition —> chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the atom is the?

A

smallest particle of matter and the basic building block of elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

more protons mean?

A

bigger size the atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is the periodic table arranged?

A

by type (element), increasing size, and by properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is radioactivity?

A

the unstable energy emitted by isotopes and can be detected and measured by x-ray film and Geiger counters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a chemical reaction?

A

atoms combined and rearranged with each other to form new combinations and this always involved a change in energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

type of chemical reactions

A

acid-base
hydrolysis
dehydration
oxidation-reduction
phosphorylation
transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are chemical bonds?

A

force that combine atoms and keep them together
formed to try to stabilize an atom’s valance electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

molecular vs structural

A

molecular: tells how many are bonded
structural: drawing of how many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ionic vs covalent vs hydrogen

A

ionic: transfer of electrons (intermolecular)
covalent: sharing of electrons (intermolecular)
hydrogen: hold molecule together by intramolecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ionic bonds:
-in solutions they may?
-what are electrolytes?

A

-may dissociate
-electrolytes are ionic compounds that dissociate in water and are able to conduct electricity

17
Q

what are the types of ionic compounds and what do they release?

A

acids: release H+ when mixed with water
bases: release OH- when mixed with water
salts: no release, just disassociate and often the product of an acid and base

18
Q

what is pH?
what is buffers?

A

pH is the calculation of the concentration of H+ in a solution and represents how acidic or basic the solution is
buffers are substances or mixtures of chemicals that keep the pH from changing in experiments or biological systems

19
Q

what is the buffer in blood?

A

carbonic acid H2CO3

20
Q

covalent bonds:
-are these bonds weak or strong?

A

they are strong and do not dissociate in water

21
Q

hydrogen bonds:
-what are they?
-what do they do to molecules?
-are they strong or weak?

A

-additional bonds formed when partial neg/pos charges exist on the atoms making a bond
-hydrogen bonds hold molecules together
-they are very weak –> b.p of water is so high compared to other compounds

22
Q

intra vs intermolecular

A

intramolecular: within a molecule (ionic and covalent)
intermolecular: amongst molecules (H-bonds)

23
Q

what can carbon do?

A

covalent bonds, interact with other atoms to form chains, equally powered and distribute electrons

24
Q

other biological elements and their function and electrons:

A

(SPONCH) and (HONCPS) for electrons
-sulfur: proteins, 6e
-phosphorus: DNA and RNA 5e
-oxygen: carbohydrates, oxygen, fats, protein, DNA, RNA 2e
-nitrogen: protein, DNA & RNA, 3e
-carbon: everything, 4e
-hydrogen: everything, 1e

25
Q

function groups and their structure:

A

alcohol: OH
methy: CH3
amino: NH2
COOH
phosphate: PO4^-2
carbonyl: ketone (C=O) & aldehyde (CHO)
ester: COO

26
Q

monomers vs polymers

A

monomers are the basic unit
polymers are the entire complex together

27
Q

how to form a polymer?

A

through dehydration synthesis which is the loss of water to build polymer

28
Q

how to form a monomer? (breakdown of polymer)

A

through hydrolysis which is the use of water to break down polymer

29
Q

what are the types of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
polypeptides and proteins
nucleic acids

30
Q

carbohydrates:
structure?
formula?
monomer vs polymer?
functions?

A

-structure has lots of OH on it and can form rings
-(CH2O)n
-monomer= monosaccharide & polymer=polysaccharide
-energy storage (starch or glycogen)
-protein modification: proteins need sugar on them
-heredity (DNA & RNA)

31
Q

lipids:
what are they? do they dissolved easily?
very little of?
three types are?

A

-they are large C-chains and don’t dissolve easily in charged solvents like water
-very little O2
-triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

32
Q

triglycerides:
-basic unit?
-what makes up a triglyceride overall?
-fatty acid? what are two kinds?
-function?

A

-glycerol
-saturated and unsaturated attached to glycerol
-fatty acid is a long chain of carbon that contains COOH. saturated and unsaturated
-cushioning effect: absorb shock
-retaining heat/insulation
-energy storage

33
Q

saturated vs unsaturated
-examples and meaning

A

-saturated has no double bonds, more H
ex: butter
-unsaturated has double bonds, less H
ex: oil

34
Q

phospholipids:
-structure?
-function?

A

-triglyceride with a phosphate group attached to glycerol at C3
-formation of cell membranes (major component of cell)
-emulsification/separate of lipids

35
Q

sterols:
-structure?
-function? and their examples

A

-lipids with fused rings
-cholesterol: cell membranes
-bile acids: emulsify lipids in digestion
-sex hormones: progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol

36
Q

proteins:
-functions?
-monomer?
-polymer?
-what defines its function?

A

-enzymes, carriers, shape, support, motility, messengers, antibodies
-monomer: amino acid
-polymer: polypeptide/protein
-structure defines function

37
Q

what are nucleic acids?
-structure?
-polymer of nuclei acids?
-function?
-three types of RNA?

A

carries of genetic information of RNA & DNA
-5 riboses (simple saccharide), phosphate group, nitrogenous base
-carries the coding sequence for life
-chromosomes
-tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

38
Q

what are amino acids?
-draw it
-how many amino acids do we have?

A

they are the monomers of proteins and contain short C-skeleton, amino group, COOH, R-group
-20

39
Q

what’s denaturation?

A

if structure of a protein is lost, function is lost