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Microbiology: Exam 1 > Topic A > Flashcards

Topic A Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between an organism and a germ?
-example of a germ?
-what percent of micros cause disease?

A

-organisms are too small to be seen. vs germs are rapidly growing cells
-example of a germ: virus, which isn’t a cell but rapidly grows
-3-5% of micros cause diseases

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2
Q

functions of microbes:
-decompose?
-support?
-produce what kind of chemicals?
-release?
-produce what kind of foods/liquids?
-produce what kind of products?

A

-decompose organic waste
-support ecosystem by photosynthesis and clean environment
-produce industrial chemicals like ethanol and acetone
-release of oxygen is caused by microbes
-produce vinegar, cheese, and bread
-produce products used in manufacturing & disease treatment

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3
Q

what produces indigo?
-where is it also found?

A

e-coli bacteria produces indigo from tryptophan
-it is also found within the intestines, could create problems if it leaves the intestines

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4
Q

what is fermentation?

A

yogurt, cheese, anti-biotics/drugs and alcohol

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5
Q

1A: Describe several ways in which microbes affect our lives

A

-stone-washing
-cotton
-de-bleaching: mushroom peroxidase
-indigo: e-coli
-plastic/buttons
-fermentation: cheese

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6
Q

what does microbio allow?

A

-allows us to prevent food spoilage, disease occurrence, learn & apply aseptic technique to prevent contamination in medicine & lab, and prevent world damage

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7
Q

what are the three domains of microbes?

A

-bacteria
-archaea: cousin of bacteria
-eukarya: include animals, plants and humans (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

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8
Q

1B: how do you name organisms?

A

Genus specific epithet OR G. specific epithet
-underlined/italicized
-Genus is capitalized, specific epithet is lowercase

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9
Q

1C: Major characteristics of each microorganisms

A

-archaea
-bacteria
-fungi
-protista: protozoa, algae
-viruses
-macromolecular infectious particles
-multicellular animal parasites

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10
Q

archaea:
-what type of cell?
-cell wall?
-how does it reproduce?
-environment?
-examples?

A

-prokaryotic
-lack cell walls
-binary fusion
-live in extreme environments (volcanoes, deep ocean) for energy and nutrient derivation

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11
Q

bacteria:
-what type of cell?
-cell wall?
-how does it reproduce?
-environment?
-for?

A

-prokaryotic
-cell walls (peptidoglycan)
-binary fusion
-lives in our environment
-for energy, organic chemicals, inorganic chemical and photosynthesis

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12
Q

fungi:
-what type of cell?
-cell wall?
-both?
-how does it get energy?
-what are multicellular? consisting of? which are?
-what’s unicellular?

A

-eukaryotes
-chitin cell walls
-both reproductive systems
-use organic substances for energy
-mushrooms and molds are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
-yeasts are unicellular

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13
Q

protozoa:
-what kind is multicellular?
-what kind is unicellular?
-absorbs?
-may be?

A

-eukaryotes are multicellular, move like animals
-protists are unicellular, move a lot
-absorbs or ingest organic chemicals
-may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
-example: amoeba

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14
Q

algae:
-what kind of cells?
-cell wall?
-uses what for energy?
-produce?

A

-eukaryotes and protists
-cellulose cell walls
-use photosynthesis for energy
-produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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15
Q

viruses:
-what kind of cell?
-consist of?
-core is surrounded by?
-coat may be?
-are replicated only when?

A

-acellular
-consist of DNA or RNA core
-core is surrounded by protein coat
-coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-are replicated only when they are in a living host cell

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16
Q

multicellular animal parasites:
-what kind of cells?
-what are they?
-example?
-how do they grow?

A

-eukaryotes
-multicellular animals
-parasitic worms
-microscopic stages in life cycles

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17
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

all living things are made of cells, smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell and all cells arise from preexisting cells

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18
Q

what are animalcules associated with?

A

the microscope, they also mean “tiny animals” aka cells

19
Q

microscopy:
-what does resolution mean?
-what is refraction?
-how is resolution limited by?

A

-being able to differentiate that different objects are indeed two different objects
-to magnify images
-resolution is limited by wavelength of light

20
Q

what measurement is visible light?

A

300nm to 750nm

21
Q

what do microscopes refract?

A

refract light waves

22
Q

light microscope:
-how many lenses?
-total magnifying power?
-most bacteria are?

A

-one lenses
-10-40x total
-are transparent and require staining

23
Q

compound microscope:
-how many lenses?
-total magnification?
-resolution of only?

A

-two lenses (objective and ocular)
-objective x ocular = total magnification
-only 200 nm

24
Q

how are electrons seen through electron microscopes?
-what are the two types?

A

uses beam of electrons is refracted to magnify the object
-scanning and transmission

25
Q

what is spontaneous generation?

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

26
Q

what is biogenesis?

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

27
Q

pasteur showed that?

A

that microbes are responsible for fermentation (the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine)

28
Q

microbial growth is also responsible for?

A

for spoilage of food

29
Q

what is pasteurization?

A

the application of a high heat for a short time
-bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine

30
Q

the germ theory of disease:
-showed that?
-advocated?
-applying?

A

-showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
-advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever
-applying pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases

31
Q

koch’s postulates

A

demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

32
Q

vaccination

A

-started from cowpox virus, vacca=cow, immunity

33
Q

what was long used to treat malaria?

A

quinine from tree bark

34
Q

first synthetic drug was?

A

arsphenamine to treat syphilis

35
Q

first antibiotic?

A

penicillin

36
Q

microbial ecology?

A

bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

37
Q

bioremediation?

A

bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage and degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

38
Q

biological insecticides

A

microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission
-bacillus thuringiensis

39
Q

biotechnology

A

recombinant DNA technology (enables bacteria and fungi to produce variety of proteins) , gene therapy, genetically modified bacteria (protects crops from insects and from freezing)

40
Q

normal microbiota

A

-present in and on the human body
-prevent growth of pathogens
-produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K

41
Q

what is resistance?

A

the ability of the body to ward off disease
-includes skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

42
Q

biofilms

A

microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses like rocks, pipes, teeth and medical implants

43
Q

what is emerging infectious diseases?

A

when a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results

44
Q

examples of emerging infectious disease?

A

avian influenza A
MRSA
west nile encephalitis
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
escherichia coli
ebola hemorrhagic fever
cryptosporidiosis
AIDS
zika
chikungunya

Microbiology: Exam 1 (3 decks)

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