Topic A1 Flashcards
Metabolism
Enzyme catalysed reactions in organism that convert food to energy
Electronegativity influenced by
Number of orbital levels in an atom
Number of protons in the nucleus
What type of molecule is water
Water is a polar molecule, as oxygen has a greater electronegativity and pull for the electrons than the hydrogen
Oxygen negative pole, hydrogen positive pole
What intramolecular and intermolecular forces does a hydrogen molecule display
Intramolecular= Polar covalent bonding in the molecule, strong forces
Intermolecular = Hydrogen bonding, however charges are partial, bond breaks and reforms rapidly
Cohesion
When ‘like’ molecules are mutually attracted, pulls water molecules together
Water is essential because
It is the medium for metabolic reactions
Adhesion
attraction between water and other materials
Capillary action
Ability of a liquid to move through narrow tubes the results from cohesion, adhesion and surface tension, occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion
Meniscus
A curve in water, showing how capillary action has greater amounts of adhesion, allowing people to read cylinders more effectively
Hydrophobic
Usually non-polar or not soluble in water
Hydrophilic
Polar and soluble in water
Viscosity
Energy needed to change shape of a liquid
Thermal conductivity
Transfer of energy between the molecules due to the impact of heat
Specific heat capacity
Energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance
Properties of water
High specific heat capacity
High thermal conductivity
Low viscosity
High density allows buoyancy
Adaptations of animals to water
Hydrodynamic shape
flippers
low-density blubber
oiled hydrophobic feathers
Goldilocks zone
Orbital distance from a star resulting in liquid water
What made water stay on earth
Gravity leading to retention of water, and moderate temperatures
Nucleic acid
Chains of repeating monomers called nucleotides.
Polymerisation
Process in which nucleotides come together to form a nucleic acid
Purines
Nitrogenous bases with two ringed structure, adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines
Nitrogenous bases with one ringed structure, thymine, uracil and cytosine
Hydrolysis
breaking down
What is released in joining of two nucleotides
one molecule of water, after 5 end and 3 end bind
Compare RNA to DNA nucleotide
RNA replaces thymine with uracil
DNA has thymine
RNA is single stranded
DNA double stranded with hydrogen bonding
RNA= ribose sugar
DNA= deoxyribose sugar
What does complementarity ensure
That the same protein is produced every time the gene is expressed
Replication
Copying of DNA to create a new DNA molecule
Transcription
Process in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA
Translation
Transcribed DNA translated by ribosomes to produce proteins
Function of Nucleosomes
Helps condense and package DNA in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
Structure of Nucleosomes
8 Balls of histones in a structure kept together linker DNA coiling them together, attached to a H1 Histone
Conclusions of Hershey and chase data
DNA has a double helix structure, complementary bases will be equal, DNA was genetic material of cells, as it was injected into the cells via phosphorus, whereas proteins did not have impact on genetic material and stayed outside of the cell via sulfur being used
