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Health and Social Care > Topic A > Flashcards

Topic A Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between growth and development?

A

Growth is the increase in a measurable quantity such as heigh or weight. Development is a complex change including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities

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2
Q

What are the six life stages?

A

Infancy, Early childhood, Adolescence, Early adulthood, Middle adulthood and Later adulthood

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3
Q

What are the principles of development?

A

1) from head to toe
2) from inside to outside
3) in the same sequence but at different rates
4) holistically

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4
Q

What are Centile lines?

A

Lines on a graph used to show average measurements of height, weight and head circumference

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5
Q

What are gross and fine motor skills?

A

Gross motor skills are the use of large muscles in the body and fine are the more precise muscles

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6
Q

What are some primary sexual characteristics of boys and girls?

A

Girls- vagina lengthens, ovaries begin to release, menstrual cycle begins
Boys- enlargement of penis, spontaneous erections, testicles produce sperm

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7
Q

What are some secondary sexual characteristics of boys and girls?

A

Girls- breasts develop, hair development, hips widen

Boys- changes in larynx, hair development, redistribution of muscle tissue and fat

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8
Q

What does the pituitary gland controls?

A

It controls the release of sex hormones in males and females.

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9
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances produced in the body and transported in the blood stream that control or regulate body cells and organs

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10
Q

When are adults at the peal of their physical performance ?

A

Early adulthood (19-45)

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11
Q

What is the perimenopause?

A

It is when the ovaries stop producing eggs each month. perimenopause lasts until menopause occurs and eggs stop producing completely

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12
Q

What symptoms occur when there is a reduction of oestrogen?

A
  • hot flushes
  • breast tenderness
  • fatigue
  • loss of libido
  • mood swings
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13
Q

What does menopause involve?

A
  • gradual ending of menstruation
  • increase of hormone called gonadotropins
  • a reduction in sex hormones
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14
Q

What are the effects of the ageing process?

A

They put on weight because they are less active, change in body shape there is an increase of weight and waistline

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15
Q

What are the important aspects of intellectual development?

A

1) language development
2) problem solving
3) memory
4) moral development
5) abstract thoughts and creative thinking

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16
Q

What percentage is the baby’s brain of the adults brain at birth?

A

30%

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17
Q

What is abstract logical thinking?

A

The ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically.

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18
Q

What is egocentric thinking?

A

Not being able to see a situation from another persons point of view

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19
Q

What is concrete logical thinking?

A

The ability to solve problems providing an individual can see or physically handle the issues

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20
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational ,concrete operational and formal operational

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21
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

A state of cognitive balance when a Childs experience is in line with what they understand

22
Q

What is disequilibrium?

A

A state of cognitive imbalance between experience and what is understood

23
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Modifying schemas in relation to new information and experiences

24
Q

What do children understand in the operational stage?

A

The understand the theory of conservation, that somethings appearance may change but its quantity will stay the same

25
Q

What is a criticism of Piaget?

A

Piaget underestimated or overestimated children’s cognitive abilities

26
Q

What does Chomsky model of language acquisition suggest?

A

That the ability to develop a language is genetically programmed into individuals. That we are born with the language acquisition device.

27
Q

What is meant by emotional literacy?

A

The ability to recognise, understand and appropriately express emotions

28
Q

What is meant by attachment?

A

A strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver

29
Q

What is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

A

He says that attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects a child to their primary caregiver

30
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

An intense distress when separated from their mothers

31
Q

What did Bowlby link to the importance of the relationship with mothers?

A

He linked the importance of social, emotional and cognitive development to the relationship

32
Q

What did Rutter argue?

A

He argues that bowlby oversimplified his theory.He says that maternal deprivation in itself might not lead to long-term issues, he says privation is more damaging

33
Q

What does deprivation and privation mean?

A

Deprivation meant being deprived of a caregiver where an attachment already exists.
Privation means being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachment.

34
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson suggest?

A

They suggested that babies will more likely form an attachment to caregivers who respond effectively to their signals.

35
Q

Give several factors that affect the attachment process and impact on a child’s overall development.

A

1) prematurity
2) post-natal depression
3) separation
4) foster care/adoption
5) emotional unavailability
6) disability

36
Q

Why is having a positive self-esteem good for development?

A

Children with positive self-esteem have easier times in relationships, can resist peer pressure, easy to make new friends

37
Q

What can children with a negative self-esteem struggle with?

A

Struggle with school work, come across passive, withdrawn or depressed

38
Q

How is self-image determined?

A

It is determined in early childhood by the quality of social interaction and the influence of parents and care givers. A parent who gives positive comments about appearance gives a child a positive self image and if a parent ignores or gives negative comments they can a negative self image.

39
Q

What can having a negative body image lead to?

A

Can lead to psychological issues like anxiety, eating disorders or depression

40
Q

What is parallel play?

A

Parallel play is when children play next to each other but do not play together. Children play in parallel from ages 2 and 3

41
Q

What is co-operative play?

A

It is when children widen their social interactions and now play in groups or with peers this is because they have learnt. communication skills. Children play like this by the age of 3

42
Q

What are the social benefits of friendships?

A

1) can help cope with traumatic life events
2) can help support an individual to maintain healthy lifestyle
3) help people avoid loneliness

43
Q

What are negative things that teenagers can be pressured into?

A

Drinking alcohol, taking drugs, engaging in unprotected sexual activities

44
Q

What is a formal relationship?

A

These are relationships with colleagues or teachers. There is no emotional attachment

45
Q

What is an informal relationship?

A

A relationship between families or friends. There is emotional attachments

46
Q

What is the development of independence in infancy and childhood?

A

Children are dependant on others for their care but at the end of childhood they attempt to be independent. They gradually become less reliant on family

47
Q

What is the development of independence in adolescence?

A

Young people question sense of identity. They become independent from families and are influenced by their friends. They learn form experiences.

48
Q

What is the development of independence when starting employment?

A

This is when young people become more independent and have to make realistic decisions about careers. They have financial independence when starting employment.

49
Q

What is the development of independence when leaving home?

A

Leaving home is an important step of becoming independent. They have to manage bills, juggle chores and more which is a new level of independence

50
Q

What is the development of independence when starting a new family?

A

There is new responsibilities when starting a new family , this is a major life change and can impact emotional and financial independence

51
Q

What is the development of independence in middle adulthood?

A

People have fewer family responsibilities. They are usually at the peak of their careers. When retired they van loose independence because they need support

52
Q

What is the development of independence in later adulthood?

A

They loose most of their independence at this stage because they have to depend on others for care.

Health and Social Care (2 decks)

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