Topic A

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

Study of heredity and variation in cells, individuals and populations

Question 2

Molecular genetics

Answer 2

The study of structure and function of genes at the molecular level

Question 3

Gene

Answer 3

DNA sequences involved in making RNA and proteins. A functional unit of heredity and variation in individuals.
Found on chromosomes and are parts of the genome that encode RNA and protein.

Question 4

Alleles

Answer 4

Variant forms of a gene caused by differences in DNA sequence

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

Genes inherited by a organism

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

Visible traits

Question 7

Genome

Answer 7

Entire DNA sequence of an organism (ACGT)

Question 8

Gene expression

Answer 8

“Turning on” a gene to produce RNA and protein (coding gene)

Question 9

Coding gene and example

Answer 9

Makes RNA and proteins

Example: messenger RNA

Question 10

Non coding gene and example

Answer 10

RNA that does not make a protein
Example: ribosome RNA
Transfer RNA

Question 11

Protein expressions

Answer 11

The type and abundance of protein in the cell

Question 12

Enzymes

Answer 12

Catalyzing the synthesis and transformation of all biomolecules

Question 13

Structural proteins

Answer 13

Maintaining the cell shape

Question 14

Signaling proteins

Answer 14

Hormones and receptors

Question 15

What makes individuals different?

Answer 15

1) different alleles

2) differential regulation of gene and protein expression

Question 16

Why is studying molecular genetics important?

Answer 16

• Human health-better understanding
• Forensics (DNA finger prints) -crime, paternity tests
• Agriculture- superior crops and livestock
• Environment- molecular ecology

Question 17

Griffith experiment

Answer 17

Found a substance that could genetically transform streptococcus pneumonia

Question 18

Avery, Macleod and McCarthy

Answer 18

Identified DNA as the molecule that transforms rough S. Pneumonia to the infective form

Question 19

Hershey and chase

Answer 19

Found the final evidence establishing DNA as the hereditary molecule

Question 20

Streptococcus pneumonia

Answer 20

Bacterial pathogen that causes pneumonia in mammals

Question 21

Smooth strain (S)

Answer 21

Bacterium is surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule that protects from immune system (virulent)

Question 22

Rough strain (R)

Answer 22

Lacks polysaccharide capsule, cannot evade the immune system (non virulent)

Question 23

Griffin’s conclusion

Answer 23

Some molecules (transforming principle) release when S cells were killed could transform living R cells genetically to the virulent S form. This transformation was permanent and heritable.

Question 24

Avery, MaxLeod & McCarthy experiment

Answer 24

Eliminated each of the type of molecule in the S cell to see whether transformation of R cells into S virulent form still occurred.

Question 25

Avery, MacLeod & McCarthy conclusion

Answer 25

If type of molecule is a stent and transformation is gone then this molecule is the transforming principle. Found that DNA was the transforming molecule

Question 26

Lytic cycle

Answer 26

Massive reproduction of virus resulting in host cell lysis (virulent)
Viral dna replicates separately from bacterial chromosome

Question 27

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 27

Replication of viral genome (latent) no death of host cell
No massive reproduction
Viral dna is integrated into the bacterial chromosome

Question 28

Hershey and chase experiment

Answer 28

Defining evidence that it is dna that is involved in inheritance
Labeled bacteriophage DNA and proteins with radioactive isotopes 32p and 35s respectively.

Question 29

Hershey and chase experiment results

Answer 29

No s35 E.coli cells, s35 found in detached bacteriophage

32p in E.coli cell, no 35p found in detached bacteriophage