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Chemistry GCSE > Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the flame test, what flame does lithium give?

A

Red

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2
Q

In the flame test, what flame does calcium give?

A

Orange-red

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3
Q

In the flame test, what flame does sodium give?

A

Yellow

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4
Q

In the flame test, what flame does potassium give?

A

Lilac

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5
Q

In the flame test, what flame does copper give?

A

Blue-green

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6
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the red flame?

A

Lithium

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7
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the orange-red flame?

A

Calcium

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8
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the yellow flame?

A

Sodium

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9
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the blue flame?

A

Copper

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10
Q

In the flame test, what metal gives the purple colour?

A

Potassium

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11
Q

How do you carry out a flame test?

A

Clean a wire loop with hydrochloric acid and then rinse it with distilled water
Then dip the loop into a sample of a metal compound and put it into a bunsen and record the colour

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12
Q

What do metal ions form with sodium hydroxide?

A

A coloured precipitate

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13
Q

What are metal ions mixed with to form a coloured precipitate?

A

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

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14
Q

How do you test metals for coloured precipitates?

A

Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide

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15
Q

What colour preciptate is formed when aluminium is added?

A

White

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16
Q

When NaOH is in excess, what precipitate is formed when added to aluminium?

A

Colourless

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17
Q

Why does NaOH is in excess and aluminium form the colourless solution?

A

Because the aluminum hydroxide is redissolved

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18
Q

What colour is formed when calcium is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

White

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19
Q

What metal forms white when it’s added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Aluminium or Calcium

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20
Q

What colour is formed when copper is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Blue

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21
Q

What metal forms blue when added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Copper

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22
Q

What colour is formed when iron(ii) is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Green

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23
Q

What metal forms green when added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Iron(ii)

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24
Q

What colour is formed when iron(iii) is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Brown

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25
Q

What metal forms brown when added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Iron(iii)

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26
Q

What does adding sodium hydroxide to ammonium ions produce?

A

Ammonia

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27
Q

How do you tell if a substance contains ammonium ions?

A

By adding sodium hydroxide

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28
Q

How do you test for ammonia gas?

A

By holding a piece of damp red litmus paper over it and if ammonia is present the litmus paper will turn blue

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29
Q

How do you test for ammonia gas?

A

By holding a piece of damp red litmus paper over it and if ammonia is present the litmus paper will turn blue

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30
Q

A compound is heated in a flame
A lilac flame is produced
What does this show?

A

The compound contains potassium

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31
Q

A few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to an unknown solution
A brown precipitate forms
What does this tell you about the solution?

A

The solution is iron(iii)

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32
Q

How do you test for halide ions?

A

By adding silver nitrate

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33
Q

What precipitate does chloride give?

A

White

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34
Q

What halide ion gives a white precipitate?

A

Chloride

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35
Q

What precipitate does bromide give?

A

Cream

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36
Q

What halide ion gives a cream precipitate?

A

Bromide

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37
Q

What precipitate does iodide give?

A

Yellow

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38
Q

What halide ion gives a yellow precipitate?

A

Iodide

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39
Q

How do you test for carbonates?

A

By adding dilute acid

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40
Q

What is the positive result of the carbonate result?

A

Fizzing (carbon dioxide gas)

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41
Q

What is the equation for a positive result of the carbonate test?

A

Carbonate Ions + Acid -> Carbon Dioxide + Water

CO3^2- + 2H+ -> CO2 + H2O

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42
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide gas?

A

Bubbling the gas through limewater, if carbon dioxide is present, the limewater will turn milky

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43
Q

How do you test for sulfate ions?

A

By adding dilute HCL and then adding barium chloride, and if sulfate ions are present a white precipitate of barium sulfate will form

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44
Q

What is the equation for a positive result of the sulfate ion test?

A

Barium Ions + Sulfate Ions -> Barium Sulfate

Ba^2+ + SO4^2- -> BaSO4

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45
Q

When testing for sulfate ions, why is dilute HCL added?

A

To stop any precipitation reactions not involving sulfate ions from taking place

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46
Q

A chemist adds some dilute nitric acid to X, followed by some silver nitrate solution
A yellow precipitate forms
What does this tell the chemist about X?

A

It contains iodide

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47
Q

What type of method is flame photometry?

A

An instrumental method

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48
Q

What does flame photometry allow you do to?

A

Identify ions in a dilute solution

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49
Q

What does the intensity of a measured wavelength mean in flame photometry?

A

The higher the concentration of that ion in solution

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50
Q

How do you use the calibration curve to work out the concentration of ions in a sample?

A

Find the intensity on the y-axis
Travel along horizontally from this point until you reach the curve
Draw a straight line down to the x-axis and read off concentration

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51
Q

Why is flame photometry more useful than flame tests?

A

Because it can be used to identify different ions in mixtures

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52
Q

What are the advantages of using instrumental analysis (machines) to analyse unknown substances?

A

They’re very sensitive
They’re very fast
They can be automatic
They’re very accurate (don’t involve human error)

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53
Q

Give two advantages of using flame photometry rather than using flame tests to identify ions?

A 
Any two from:
Machines are very sensitive
Machines are very fast
Machines are very accurate
Flame photometry can be used to identify the metal ions in mixtures
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54
Q

What are alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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55
Q

What is the alkane general formula?

A

C nH 2n +2

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56
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

All the atoms have formed bonds with as many other atoms as they can

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57
Q

What is a function group?

A

A group of atoms that determine how a molecule reacts

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58
Q

What is the function group of alkenes?

A

The C=C double bond

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59
Q

What is alkene general formula?

A

C nH 2n

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60
Q

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in alkenes?

A

1 carbon to 2 hydrogen

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61
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

Not all the atoms have formed bonds with as many other atoms as they can

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62
Q

What do you add to test for alkene?

A

Bromine water

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63
Q

How do you do test for alkenes?

A

By shaking it with bromine and it decolourising

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64
Q

Why does the alkene test work?

A

Because the alkene loses the double bond and the bromine is added to it

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65
Q

Whats the colour change for the bromine water test?

A

Orange to colourless if alkene is present

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66
Q

What happens to hydrocarbons in combustion reactions?

A

They’re oxidised

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67
Q

What are addition polymers made from?

A

Unsaturated monomers

68
Q

What do the monomers that make up addition polymers have?

A

A double covalent bond

69
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules opening up their double bonds and joining together to form polymer chains

70
Q

What is it when lots of unsaturated monomers open up their double bond and join together?

A

Addition polymerisation

71
Q

When Ethene undergoes addition polymerisation what does it turn into?

A

poly(ethene)

72
Q

What are the properties of poly(ethene)

A

Flexible
Electrical insulator
Cheap

73
Q

What are the uses of poly(ethene)

A

Plastic bags
Bottles
Wire insulation

74
Q

What are the properties of poly(propene)

A

Flexible
Strong
Tough
Mouldable

75
Q

What are the uses of poly(propene)

A

Crates
Furniture
Ropes

76
Q

What are the properties of poly(chloroethene)

A

Tough

Cheap

77
Q

What are the uses of poly(chloroethene)

A

Window frames

Water pipes

78
Q

What are the properties of poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A

Unreactive
Tough
Non-stick

79
Q

What are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A

Non-stick pans

Waterproof

80
Q

Give examples of addition polymers

A

poly(tetrafluoroethene) [PTFE]
poly(chloroethene) [PVC]
poly(ethene)
poly(propene)

81
Q

What does condensation polymerisation usually involve?

A

Two different types of monomer

82
Q

What happens in condensation polymerisation?

A

Two types of monomer react together and form bonds making polymer chains losing a small molecule

83
Q

What does each monomer have to contain?

A

Atleast two functional groups

84
Q

What is formed when the two functional groups bond?

A

A small molecule

85
Q

When do polyesters form?

A

When dicarboxylic acid monomers react with diol monomers

86
Q

What do the dicarboxylic acid monomers contain?

A

Two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH)

87
Q

What do the diol monomers contain?

A

Two alcohol groups (-OH)

88
Q

What is formed when a polyester is formed?

A

Water

89
Q

Give examples of naturally occuring polymers

A

DNA
Proteins
Starch

90
Q

Give examples of naturally occuring monomers

A

Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Carbohydrates

91
Q

Name the two types of monomer that react together to form polyesters?

A

Diol and dicarboxylic acid

92
Q

How is the molecule of water formed when polyesters are made?

A

By the formation of an ester link

93
Q

What are plastics made from?

A

Crude oil

94
Q

What do we use crude oil for?

A

Plastics
Fuel
Heating

95
Q

What are the cons of landfill

A

Loss of land

Non-biodegradable

96
Q

What are the cons of burning waste

A

Toxic gases can be released

Carbon dioxide is released

97
Q

What are the pros of burning waste?

A

Releases energy which can be used to generate electricity

98
Q

What are the pros of recyling polymers?

A 
Reduces landfill
Reduces emissions of GHG
Less water and energy resources used
Reduces crude oil use
Saves money and creates job
99
Q

What are the cons of recycling

A

Polymers must be separated before
Quality is reduced
Can be recycled a finite number of times
Melting can cause dangerous gases in the atmosphere

100
Q

What is the function group for alcohols?

A

-OH

101
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH(2n+1)OH

102
Q

How do you remember the order of alkanes/alkenes/alcohols?

A

My Enormous Penguin Bounces Pretty High, Helping Old No-named Donkeys

103
Q

What happens if you heat a mixture of alcohol and an acid catalyst?

A

An alkene and water are formed

104
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

The forming of an alkene and water from the heating of an alcohol and an acid catalyst

105
Q

Why is it a dehydration reaction?

A

Because water is lost

106
Q

How can alcohols be oxidised?

A

By using an oxidising agent

107
Q

What happens to alcohol when its oxidised?

A

It forms carboxylic acids

108
Q

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

A

React like other acids

In solution they partially ionise and release H ions which make the solution weakly acidic

109
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A

C(n-1)H(2n-1)COOH

110
Q

Whats the function group for a carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

111
Q

What does methanol make when its oxidised?

A

Methanoic acid

112
Q

What does ethanol make when its oxidised?

A

Ethanoic acid

113
Q

An alcohol has the formula CH3OH

What is the name of this alcohol?

A

Methanol

114
Q

A chemist reacts an oxidising agent with an unknown alcohol and forms propanoic acid
Name the alcohol that the chemist started with

A

Propanol

115
Q

What is the production of ethanol?

A

Fermentation

116
Q

What is the fermentation equation?

A

C6H1206 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

117
Q

How do you make a solution of ethanol?

A

Mix yeast and carbs and seal the container
Keep the mixture between 30C and 40C and in anaerobic conditions
Alcohol will kill the yeast and cause the yeast to fall to the bottom

118
Q

How can you make ethanol?

A

By fermentation

119
Q

How can alcohol be oxidised?

A

By burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion) Through the reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid
By heating with potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid

120
Q

Compare the boiling point of ethanol to water

A

The boiling point of water is higher than ethanol

121
Q

What is a liebig condenser?

A

A condenser used to condense vapour

122
Q

Name the type of molecule which is converted to ethanol by fermentation

A

Glucose (carbohydrate)

123
Q

Explain why a temperature between 30C and 40C is used in the fermentation process?

A

Fermentation is fastest between 30C and 40C

Temperatures too high will denature the enzymes involved

124
Q

What is the purpose of fractional distillation during the manufacture of ethanol?

A

To produce a solution of ethanol higher than 20%

125
Q

What makes a substance a fuel or not?

A

If it releases energy when burnt

126
Q

How do you compare how good a fuel is?

A

Weigh the burner
Measure some water into a copper calorimeter and insulate it using a draught excluder then cover with an insulating lid
Take the inital temperature and then heat the water until the temperature rises by 20*C
Reweigh the burner and compare the mass, the lower the mass change the more efficient the fuel

127
Q

What must be kept the same when comparing the efficiency of fuels?

A

Mass/volume of water
Height of the container above the heater
Length of the wick
Number of moles of alcohol

128
Q

How does the length of a hydrocarbon affect it’s effiency?

A

The longer the carbon chain, the more efficient the fuel

129
Q

1.92 g of X raised the temperature by 25C
1.46 g of Y raised the temperature by 25C
Which is the most efficient and why?

A

Y as less amount of it heated the same amount of water

130
Q

What is the range of size of a nano particle?

A

1-100 nanometers

131
Q

How many particles are in a nanoparticle?

A

A few hundred atoms

132
Q

What happens to a SA:V as an object decreases?

A

It’s SA:V ratio increases

133
Q

What gives the nanoparticles it’s distinctive properties?

A

It’s greater SA:V

134
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio equation?|

A

Surface Area / Volume = Surface Area : Volume

135
Q

What are the uses of nanoparticles?

A 
Catalysts
Lubricant coating
Tiny electrical circuits
Antibacteria materials
Sun creams
Stronger plastics
136
Q

What are the properties of nanoparticles?

A

A high SA:V
Conductive
Strong and durable
Low density

137
Q

What are some risks with using nanoparticles?

A

They don’t break down easily meaning they could build up in cells
They could cause lung inflammmation if they’re breathed in

138
Q

Give three examples of uses of nanoparticles?

A 
Any three from:
Catalysts
Lubricant coating
Tiny electrical circuits
Antibacteria materials
Sun creams
Stronger plastics
139
Q

What are the properties and uses of high density poly(ethene)

A

Strong and rigid

Water pipes

140
Q

What are the properties and uses of low density poly(ethene)

A

Light and stretchy

Plastic bags

141
Q

What is clay like when dug up?

A

Soft

142
Q

How do you make clay hard?

A

By heating it

143
Q

What are the properties of glass?

A

Transparent
Strong
Mouldable
Brittle when thin

144
Q

What are composites?

A

One material (the reinforcement) embedded in another (the matrix/binder)

145
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A

Conductive
High density
Malleable

146
Q

Name two composite materials

A

Fibreglass

Concrete

147
Q

What are the properties of polymers?

A 
They're adaptable (flexible and can be easily moulded)
Cheaper
Less dense
Thermal and electrical insulators
Degradable
148
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using composites?

A

Decently expensive to make

149
Q

What colour flame is produced when calcium is heated?

A

Orange-redd

150
Q

What gas will turn damp red litmus paper blue?

A

Ammonia

151
Q

Describe how you could test for sulfate ions?

A

Add dilute HCL
Add barium chloride
White precipitate will form if sulfate ions present

152
Q

Name the alkene that contains six hydrogen atoms?

A

Propene

153
Q

Outline how you could test for an alkene?

A

Add bromine water

If turns colourless, alkene present

154
Q

Name the products formed when an alkane was burned in a good supply of oxygen?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

155
Q

What functional group does a monomer need to form addition polymers?

A

C=C

156
Q

List three properties of poly(ethene)

A

Flexible
Electrical insulator
Cheap

157
Q

Give a disadvantage of disposing polymers in landfills

A

Any one from:
Takes up land
Most polymers are non-biodegradable meaning it will stay there

158
Q

Why do polymers need to be seperated and sorted before they are recycled?

A

Because if they are mixed together, the quality of the final recycled polymer product could be reduced

159
Q

What is the chemical formula for butanol?

A

C4H9OH

160
Q

Name the product formed when ethanol is oxidised?

A

Ethanoic Acid

161
Q

Name the carboxylic acid with the formula C2H5COOH

A

Propanoic Acid

162
Q

Explain why it is important to insulate the copper calorimeter when carrying out an experiment comparing the effiency of fuels?

A

Energy may be lost if not insulating meaning the it may take longer for the water to rise by x*C leading to more mass being used therefore the results will be unreliable

163
Q

Which fuel is more efficient - methanol or propanol?

A

Propanol

164
Q

Why are nanoparticles good for making sunscreens?

A

They provide better protection but don’t leave white marks

165
Q

Name a type of material that is a good conductor

A

Metals

166
Q

State two typical properties of ceramics?

A

Brittle

Stiff

Chemistry GCSE (9 decks)

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