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Chemistry GCSE > topic 9 - organic chem > Flashcards

topic 9 - organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

alkane

A

saturated hydrocarbon

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2
Q

general formula alkane

A

Cn H2n+2

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3
Q

what does saturated mean

A

the atoms have formed bonds with as many other atoms as they can

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4
Q

prefix for 1 carbon atom

A

meth

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5
Q

prefix for 2 carbon atom

A

eth

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6
Q

prefix for 3 carbon atom

A

prop

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7
Q

prefix for 4 carbon atom

A

but

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8
Q

formula methane

A

CH4

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9
Q

formula ethane

A

C2H6

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10
Q

formula propane

A

C3H8

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11
Q

formula butane

A

C4H10

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12
Q

alkene

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double carbon bond

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13
Q

general formula alkene

A

Cn H2n

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14
Q

functional group alkenes

A

one double carbon bond C = C

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15
Q

formula ethene

A

C2H4

H       H
  \      /
   C=C
  /      \
H       H
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16
Q

formula propene

A

C3H6

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17
Q

formula but-1-ene (structure)

A

C4H8
but-1-ene means that the unsaturated point is at position 1

H           H   H
  \           I     I
   C=C - C - C - H
  /     I     I     I
H     H   H   H
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18
Q

formula but-2-ene (structure)

A

C4H8
but-2-ene means that the unsaturated point is at position 2

      H      H   H
       I        I     I 
H - C- C=C - C - H
       I    I         I
      H  H       H
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19
Q

how do you test for an alkene or alkane

A

shake substance with bromine water
- if bromine water is bleached an alkene is present
alkanes don’t react with bromine water because they don’t have double bonds

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20
Q

why does the bromine water test work

A

if the water bleaches it is because an addition reaction has occurred - bromine has been added to the double bond

21
Q

eg. ethene + bromine water (structural diagram)

A

H H H Br
\ / I I
C=C + Br2 -> H - C - C - H
/ \ I I
H H Br H

22
Q

what happens when an alkane or alkene is burnt

A

in complete combustion, alkenes and alkanes react with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O

23
Q

ethane + oxygen gives what

balanced equation too

A

ethane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

2C2H6 + 7O2 -> 4CO2 + 6H2O

24
Q

alcohol general formula

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

25
Q

function group alcohols

A

OH (hydroxyl)

26
Q

methanol formula

A

CH3OH

27
Q

ethanol

A

C2H5OH

28
Q

propanol

A

C3H7OH

29
Q

butanol

A

C4H9OH

30
Q

describe the dehydration of alcohols

A

heat and ALCOHOL with an ACID CATALYST to form an ALKENE and WATER

31
Q

fermentation

A

the process of using yeast to convert a type of carbohydrate (sugars) into alcohol

32
Q

for example symbol equation of glucose fermentation with yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide (balanced)

A

C6H12O6 –(yeast)——> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

33
Q

how do you make ethanol in a lab (using fermentation) (5)

A

using FERMENTATION

1) mix yeast and carbohydrate solution in a clean container which is sealed and left in a warm place
2) keep the mixture between 30°C and 40°C (this is because fermentation happens fastest at this temperature)
3) mixture should be kept in anaerobic conditions - if oxygen were present it would convert the ethanol to ethanoic acid
4) when the concentration of alcohol reaches 10-20%, fermentation stops as the yeast is killed by the alcohol
5) yeast falls to the bottom and ethanol solution can be collected from the top

34
Q

how to produce a more concentrated ethanol solution

A

fractional distillation

35
Q

describe fractional distillation of ethanol solution

A

to make a concentration of above 20%, fractional distillation has to be used
ethanol’s boiling point is lower than water’s so when the fermentation mixture is heated ethanol evaporates first, leaving the water a liquid
a liebig condenser condenses the ethanol and the more concentrated ethanol can be collected in a separate flask

36
Q

why can alcohols be used as fueld

A

when they burn, they release energy

37
Q

how to test for the best alcohol (7)

A

1) place alcohol in spirit burner and measure the mass of the two using a mass balance
2) measure 100cm^3 distilled water into a copper calorimeter
3) insulate the calorimeter using a draught excluder and an insulating lid once the thermometer is inside
4) take initial temperature of the water, place burner underneath and light wick
5) stir water and once it reaches 20°C blow out the burner
6) immediately reweight burner and fuel
7) repeat with different alcohols as fuels

38
Q

how do you compare the efficiency of fuels

A

more efficient fuels - less alcohol is needed to raise the temperature of the water by a given amount

39
Q

general formula carboxylic acids

A

Cn-1 H 2n-1 COOH

40
Q

functional group carboxylic acids

A

COOH (carboxyl)

41
Q

properties of carboxylic acids

A

react like typical acids

  • in solution they can ionise to release H+ ions
  • they only partially dissociate so are classed as weak acids
42
Q

how are carboxylic acids produced from alcohols

A

through oxidation, using an oxidising agent

43
Q

for example: show the structural equation for ethanol into ethanoic acid

A

H H H O
I I I //
H - C - C - O - H ——–> H - C - C
I I oxidising I \
H H agent H O - H

44
Q

how do the names change (eg methanol become what acid)

A

methanol - methanoic acid
ethanol - ethanoic acid
propanol - propanoic acid
butanol - butanoic acid

45
Q

formula methanoic acid

A

HCOOH

46
Q

formula ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH

47
Q

formula propanoic acid

A

C2H5COOH

48
Q

formula butanoic acid

A

C3H7COOH

49
Q

homologous series

A

all members of a homologous series have the same functional group which means they all have similar reactions

(if you know how one member of a homologous series reacts, you can predict how the others will react too)

Chemistry GCSE (15 decks)

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