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Thornhill Academy Chemistry Triple > Topic 9 - Fuels and earth Science > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Fuels and earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False: As a substance rises up a fractionating column, the temperature of the substance gradually increases?

A

False. As it rises it cools down, as the hottest part of the distiller is at the bottom and the coolest at the top.

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2
Q

Give two examples of fuels that can be obtained from crude oil.

A

petrol, diesel oil, kerosene

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3
Q

Crude oil is non-renewable. Define Non-Renewable.

A

One day it will run out. Crude oil is used up faster than it can be made. Once it has been used it is very hard to create.

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4
Q

Crude oil is finite. Define Finite.

A

There is only a small amount.

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5
Q

An oil refinery is carrying out fractional distillation. Where would you want to take a sample if you want a fraction containing chains with no more than 8 carbons in length?

A

The sample should be taken near the top of the distiller. Because a chain length of 8 carbons is relatively small, they small hydrocarbons rise to the top of the distiller.

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6
Q

Where is the hottest part of the fractional distiller?

A

the bottom.

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7
Q

Where is the coldest part of the fractional distiller?

A

The Top.

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8
Q

In fractional distillation, where do we find short chain hydrocarbons?

A

The Top.

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9
Q

In fractional distillation, where do we find long chain hydrocarbons?

A

the bottom.

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10
Q

Define the process of fractional distillation.

A

The crude oil is vaporised in a furnace before entering the distiller. The distiller is hottest at the bottom and cooler at the top. When crude oil enters the distiller the short chains rise to the top and long chains stay at the bottom. The chain rise until they hit there boiling points where they condense down to a liquid.

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11
Q

From the different fractions of fractional distillation, what is the gas fraction used for?

A

heating and cooking

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12
Q

From the different fractions of fractional distillation, what is the petrol fraction used for?

A

fuel for cars

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13
Q

From the different fractions of fractional distillation, what is the kerosene fraction used for?

A

fuel for aircraft

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14
Q

From the different fractions of fractional distillation, what is the diesel oil fraction used for?

A

fuel for some cars and trains

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15
Q

From the different fractions of fractional distillation, what is the fuel oil fraction used for?

A

fuel for large ships

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16
Q

From the different fractions of fractional distillation, what is the bitumen fraction used for?

A

surfacing for roads and roofs

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17
Q

Sort chain or long chain: Which have the highest boiling point?

A

long chain

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18
Q

Sort chain or long chain: Which are easiest to ignite?

A

short chain

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19
Q

Sort chain or long chain: Which are more viscous?

A

long chain

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20
Q

Sort chain or long chain: Which has the smokiest flame?

A

long chain

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21
Q

What is meant by a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a family of molecules that have the same general formula and share similar chemical properties

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22
Q

Octane is an important component in petrol. What is produce when octane undergoes complete combustion?

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O)

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23
Q

In complete combustion, is there excess or lack of oxygen?

A

excess oxygen

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24
Q

In incomplete combustion, is there excess or lack of oxygen?

A

lack of oxygen

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25
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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26
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

water and Carbon monoxide or carbon.

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27
Q

True or False: Carbon monoxide can form due to lack of oxygen in appliances that use carbon-based fuels?

A

True. Carbon monoxide can be produced when there is a lack of oxygen in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels.

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28
Q

Explain the problem caused by Carbon Monoxide.

A

Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in the blood and stops oxygen from being carried.

29
Q

Give one negative effect of soot (solid Carbon) in the atmosphere.

A

Make building look dirty, Reduce air quality, cause respiratory problems, Cause global dimming.

30
Q

How are nitrogen oxides produced?

A

Reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the air.

31
Q

Sulfur is an impurity found in fuels. What are the issues when this is burnt?

A

It creates sulfur dioxide.

32
Q

Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. Give an example of a man-made source of sulfur dioxide.

A

it is released when fossil fuels containing sulfur are burned.

33
Q

State some of the negative effects of acid rain.

A

kill trees, damage buildings/limestone, corrosion of metals

34
Q

Explain how acid rain is formed from the sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.

A

sulfur dioxide dissolves in rain to form acid rain.

35
Q

Hydrogen is a renewable and clean energy resource that could replace fossil fuels for powering vehicle engines, what are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel for cars?

A

Hydrogen is expensive to manufacture, The enrgy required to produce hydrogen often comes from burning fossil fuels, Hydrogen gas isn’t widely available at service stations, Hydrogen is hard to store. A Hydrogen engine is expensive.

36
Q

Hydrogen is a renewable and clean energy resource that could replace fossil fuels for powering vehicle engines, what are the advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel for cars?

A

Only produces water when burnt. Hydrogen is renewable.

37
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down of a long chain hydrocarbon into a smaller alkane and an alkene

38
Q

Name the two products of cracking.

A

Alkane and Alkene

39
Q

Why is cracking hydrocarbons necessary?

A

After fractional distillation there are more long chain hydrocarbons. Smaller chain hydrocarbons are more useful.

40
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

41
Q

What is meant by a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Only contains C-C bonds

42
Q

What is meant by an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains a C=C bond

43
Q

How do you test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Use bromine water. Goes from an orange colour to colourless.

44
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracking.

45
Q

What are the conditions for Thermal Cracking?

A

High temperature and High pressure

46
Q

What are the conditions for Catalytic Cracking?

A

Low temperature, low pressure and the addition catalyst

47
Q

In the earths early atmosphere, where did scientists think most of the carbon dioxide come from?

A

Volcanic eruptions

48
Q

Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide.

A

bubble the gas through lime water, it changes from colourless to milky/white

49
Q

Describe the chemical test for oxygen.

A

Place a glowing splint into a test tube of a gas, the glowing splint will relight.

50
Q

As earth cooled, oceans formed. Explain why.

A

water vapour condensed to form oceans

51
Q

As earth cooled, oceans formed. What does this tell you about the composition of the atmosphere before the oceans formed?

A

It suggest the earth’s early atmosphere was rich in water vapour.

52
Q

Describe how oceans formed.

A

As the earth cooled, water vapour in the atmosphere condensed.

53
Q

What happened to the percentage of nitrogen from the early atmosphere to the current atmosphere? Explain why this changed?

A

Increased. The nitrogen was released by volcanoes which gradually built up.

54
Q

What happened to the percentage of oxygen from the early atmosphere to the current atmosphere? Explain why this changed?

A

Increased. When earth cooled, early life of plants formed which created oxygen through photosynthesis.

55
Q

What happened to the percentage of carbon dioxide from the early atmosphere to the current atmosphere? Explain why this changed?

A

Decreased. Carbon dioxide dissolved in oceans to form sediment. Carbon dioxide was also used up in photosynthesis.

56
Q

What happened to the percentage of water vapour from the early atmosphere to the current atmosphere? Explain why this changed?

A

decreased. Water vapour condensed to form oceans when the earth cooled.

57
Q

The ozone layer blocks harmful rays from the sun. It formed following a change in atmospheric oxygen concentration. Explain the change in atmospheric oxygen concentration during the evolution of the atmosphere.

A

Initially, there was little or no oxygen in the atmosphere. When plants evolved and carried out photosynthesis, oxygen levels in the atmosphere gradually built up.

58
Q

True or False: Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation?

A

True. Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation, but not shorter wavelength radiation.

59
Q

Name the three main greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide, Methane and Water vapour.

60
Q

Why are greenhouse gases essential for life on earth?

A

Without the greenhouse effect earth would be too cold for organisms to survive.

61
Q

How does the greenhouse effect work?

A

Greenhouse gases absorb the infrared radiation that is released by the earth and re-emit them in all directions, including back towards earth. The radiation is heat radiation, so warms the surface of the planet.

62
Q

Name 2 ways in which the levels of carbon dioxide is increasing?

A

Industries/burning of fossil fuels for energy and deforestation.

63
Q

Name 2 ways in which the levels of methane is increasing?

A

Increased cattle farming and the breakdown of waste.

64
Q

Explain how the industrialisation of more countries has affected the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

With more countries becoming industrialised, the energy needed per person increases More energy consumption leads to an increased burning of fossil fuels for energy releasing carbon dioxide in the process.

65
Q

Give an example of a potential effect of global warming.

A

Global ice caps melting, severe flooding, changes in rainfall patterns, Extinction of animals, increased severe weather.

66
Q

Define climate change.

A

The general increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere

67
Q

Give an example of how individuals could reduce their carbon footprint.

A

limiting the use of fossil fuels

68
Q

Why is historical climate data less accurate than current data?

A

In the past, smaller amounts of climate data was taken and in fewer locations. The methods and equipment used to collect the data has significantly increased in accuracy. data

69
Q

Define: casual link

A

a link between a cause and effect e.g. there is a casual link between the concentration of carbon dioxide and the earths atmosphere temperature increasing. These casual links have to be proven by scientists.

Thornhill Academy Chemistry Triple (10 decks)

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