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IMS Y1 v2 > Topic 9 - Endocrinology > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main endocrine glands?

A
  • Hypothalamus/Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal
  • Ovaries/testicles
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2
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

A

A complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the thalamus), and the adrenal glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

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3
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Anterior pituitary

- Posterior pituitary

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4
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

To produce various hormones

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5
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

To store various hormones (produced in the hypothalamus)

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6
Q

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • Gonadotrophins (FSH and LH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotrophin (TSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
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7
Q

What is the function of growth hormone?

A

Skeletal growth

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8
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulates the adrenals to produce steroids

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9
Q

What is the function of gonadotrophins?

A

Stimulate the testicles or ovaries to produce sex hormones

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10
Q

What is the function of TSH?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotrophin stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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11
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates breast milk production

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12
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

- Oxytocin

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13
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

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14
Q

What is the function of Oxytocin?

A

Helps uterine contractions during labour

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15
Q

How is the pituitary gland controlled?

A

By the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Which hormones produced in the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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17
Q

Why is there no prolactin releasing hormone?

A

Prolactin is under the inhibitory effect of the hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the function of Corticotrophin releasing hormone?

A

stimulates ACTH secretion

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19
Q

What is the function of Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

stimulates GH secretion

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20
Q

What is the function of Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

stimulates TSH secretion

21
Q

What is the function of Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

stimulates TSH secretion

22
Q

What is the function of Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

stimulates FSH and LH secretion

23
Q

Which hormones does cortisol switch off?

A

ACTH and CRH

24
Q

Which hormones does GH switch off?

A

GH and GHRH

25
Q

Which hormones do thyroid hormones switch off?

A

TSH and TRH

26
Q

Which hormones do sex hormones switch off?

A

FSH/LH and GnRH

27
Q

Which glands are not controlled by the pituitary?

A
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Parathyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Gut hormones
28
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

29
Q

What does the parathyroid control?

A

Calcium levels

30
Q

What does the pancreas control (as a gland)?

A

Sugar levels

31
Q

What are the parts of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Midline isthmus (just below the cricoid cartilage)
  • Right lobe
  • Left lobe
32
Q

What is the function of thyroid C cells?

A

Production of calcitonin (calcium metabolism)

33
Q

What controls calcium metabolism?

A

4 parathryoid glands sitting behind the thyroid

34
Q

Which organs are involved in calcium metabolism?

A
  • Kidneys (calcium excretion and production of active vitamin D)
  • Gut (Absorption of calcium)
  • Bone (Storage of calcium)
  • Thyroid
35
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On the kidneys

36
Q

What are the adrenal glands composed of?

A
  • Adrenal cortex (90%)

- Adrenal medulla (10%)

37
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A
  • Cortocosteroids (cortisol)
  • Androgens (male hormones)
  • Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
38
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

-Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine)

39
Q

What are the testes composed of?

A
  • Interstitial or Leydig cells
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Sertoli cells
40
Q

What is the function of interstitial or leydig cells?

A

Produce testosterone

41
Q

What is the function of seminiferous tubules?

A

Made up of germ cells producing sperms

42
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells?

A

Help in sperm production and produce inhibin

43
Q

What are the clinical abnormalities possible in various glands?

A
  • Hormone over-secretion (primary/secondary)
  • Hormonal under-secretion (primary/secondary)
  • Tumour/nodules in the gland that don’t affect hormone secretion
44
Q

What are static tests used for?

A

-diagnosing abnormalities of thyroid and sex glands

45
Q

What do the static tests for primary hyperthyroidism test for?

A
  • Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
  • TSH
  • If primary hyperthyroidism is present then T3 and/or T4 is elevated with suppressed (undetectable) TSH
46
Q

What are the types of tests used to detect hormonal abnormalities?

A
  • Static tests
  • Stimulation tests
  • Suppression tests
47
Q

What are stimulation tests used for?

A

for suspected hormonal under-secretion where a static test is NOT ENOUGH

48
Q

What are suppression tests used for?

A

some hormonal over-secretion

49
Q

What are some examples of stimulation tests?

A

IMS Y1 v2 (14 decks)

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