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EMBRYOLOGY > Topic #9 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

Topic #9 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system consists of the following : (11 parts)

A

mouth (oral cavity)
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
colon and cecum
rectum
anal canal
liver
pancreas
salivary glands

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2
Q

The oral cavity is derived from what?

A

stomodaeum

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3
Q

It is a depression of surface ectoderm cranial to the pharynx. The stomodaeum is separated from the foregut (pharynx) by the oral plate or oropharyngeal membrane.

A

stomodaeum

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4
Q

What separates the stomodaeum from the foregut (pharynx)?

A

Oral plate or oropharyngeal membran

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5
Q

It is a thin membrane formed by the fusion of the stomodeal ectoderm and pharyngeal endoderm.

A

oral plate or oropharyngeal membrane

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6
Q

How many hours of incubation of chick embryo where the stomodaeum deepens following rupture of the oral plate, to form the oral cavity that communicates w/ the pharynx?

A

72 hrs of incubation

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7
Q

Where does the roof of the oral cavity come from which is supported by the hard and soft palates?

A

stomodeal ectoderm

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8
Q

The oral cavity cranial floor is also from…

A

stomodeal ectoderm

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9
Q

The oral cavity caudal floor is from…

A

pharyngeal endoderm and its lateral walls from neural crest cells of VA 1

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10
Q

What are the 5 structures associated with the oral cavity (mouth)?

A

lips
gums
teeth
tongue
salivary glands

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11
Q

It is derived from maxillary process of VA 1 and medial nasal processes that form two palatine primordia: primary palate and secondary palate.

A

Palate

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12
Q

The right and left medial nasal processes fused in the midline to form a small triangular medial palatine process (primary palate) that becomes what?

A

incisive bone

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13
Q

What are the two palatine primordia?

A

primary palate and secondary palate

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14
Q

The right and left medial nasal processes fused in the midline to form this…

A

Medial palatine process (primary palate)

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15
Q

It separates the nasal and oral cavities and is formed when rostral two-thirds of the secondary palate ossifies.

A

Hard palate

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16
Q

It is a malformation of the palate and is a cleft palate caused by failure of the median palatine process (primary palate) and the lateral palatine processes (secondary palate) to close along the midline, leaving a gap or cleft. The secondary palate is affected more commonly than the primary palate. May be inherited or be the result of exposure to a teratogen. Often fatal in animals due to inability to suckle or because of aspiration of milk into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia).

A

Palatoschisis

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17
Q

Failure of medial nasal processes to fuse __________ produces _________ and related defects.

A

primary cleft palate
hare lip (cheiloschisis)

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18
Q

Lip and gums are derived from…

A

stomodeal ectoderm

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19
Q

Tissue external to the groove forms what?

A

Lip

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20
Q

Tissue medial to the groove forms what? .

A

Gingiva (gum)

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21
Q

Fusion of upper and lower lips caudally forms what?

A

Cheeks

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22
Q

The tooth is composed of what?

A

enamel
dentin
dental pulp
cementum

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23
Q

Teeth are derived from…

A

stomodeal ectoderm and ectomesenchyme (neural crest) of VA1

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24
Q

An arc of periodically thickened ectoderm, situated inside of the labiogingival lamina, constitutes the ________. Dental lamina invaginates to form ________.

A

dental lamina
dental bud

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25
Q

Each bud assumes a cup-shaped configuration becoming an _________.

A

enamel organ

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26
Q

The inner concave epithelium of the enamel organ differentiates into _________ that secrete the tooth enamel.

A

columnar ameloblasts

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27
Q

It is a loose aggregation of stomodeal ectodermal cells.

A

stellate reticulum

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28
Q

The right and left maxillary processes give off bilateral medial extensions, the ___________, which meet at the midline, merging dorsally with the nasal septum and rostrally with the primary palate.

A

lateral palatine processes

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29
Q

Caudal third of the secondary palate does not ossify and become the _________ that divides the pharynx into dorsal nasopharynx and ventral oropharynx.

A

Soft palate

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30
Q

In the ectoderm lining the stomodeal cavity, an arc of the thickened ectoderm, the _______, forms along the upper and lower jaws.

A

labiogingival lamina

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31
Q

The lamina invaginates into underlying ectomesenchyme, forming a ________.

A

labiogingival groove

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32
Q

The groove forms the future _______ (space between the lip and the gum).

A

vestibule

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33
Q

Each bud assumes a cup-shaped configuration becoming an __________.

A

enamel organ

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34
Q

The inner concave epithelium of the enamel organ differentiates into ________that secrete the tooth enamel.

A

columnar ameloblasts

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35
Q

Between the inner concave and outer convex epithelia of enamel organ is the _________, a loose aggregation of stomodeal ectodermal cells.

A

stellate reticulum

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36
Q

________ within the concavity of the enamel organ forms a ________.

A

ectomesenchyme
dental papilla

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37
Q

The concave epithelial layer of the enamel organ induces ectomesenchyme of the dental papilla to form an epithelial layer of _______ that deposit the dentin of the tooth.

A

odontoblasts

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38
Q

The outer cells of the dental papilla differentiate into ________ (induced by ameloblasts) that secrete _______.

A

columnar odontoblasts
dentin

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39
Q

It surrounded the enamel organ which condenses into a dental sac that gives rise to three layers:

A

Ectomesenchyme

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40
Q

What are the three layers of ectomesenchyme or dental sac?

A

Outer cells of dental sac
Middle layer of dental sac
Inner cells of the sac

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41
Q

Outer cells of dental sac differentiates into _______ that deposit bone of the alveolus (socket receiving the tooth).

A

osteoblasts

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42
Q

It deposits bone from the alveolus (socket receiving the tooth).

A

Osteoblasts

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43
Q

Middle layer of dental sac differentiates into ________, that secrete collagen fibers to form the periodontal ligament that anchors the tooth within the alveolar socket.

A

fibroblasts

44
Q

It secrete collagen fibers to form the periodontal ligament that anchors the tooth within the alveolar socket.

A

Fibroblasts

45
Q

Middle layer of dental sac differentiates into fibroblasts, that secrete collagen fibers to form __________ that anchors the tooth within the alveolar socket.

A

periodontal ligament

46
Q

It anchors the tooth within the alveolar socket.

A

Periodontal ligament

47
Q

Inner cells of the sac become ______ that secrete _______ (modified bone) that adheres to the surface of the tooth, particularly the dentin surface of the root of the tooth.

A

cementoblasts
cementum

48
Q

It adheres to the surface of the tooth, particularly the dentin surface of the root of the tooth.

A

Cementum

49
Q

Tongue develops from four swellings. What are the swellings?

A

2 distal
1 median
1 proximal tongue swelling

50
Q

General sensation is from….

A

trigeminal nerve (V)

51
Q

Taste sensation is from…

A

facial nerve (VII)

52
Q

The root of the tongue is formed by…

A

proximal swelling or copula

53
Q

These are derived from stomodeal ectoderm (parotid, zygomatic, labial and buccal accessory salivary glands) or pharyngeal endoderm (mandibular and sublingual glands).

A

Salivary glands

54
Q

It is derived from the cranial part of the foregut.

A

pharynx

55
Q

What are the 5 parts formed by foregut?

A

pharynx
esophagus
stomach
cranial duodenum
liver and pancreas

56
Q

What are the 7 parts formed by midgut?

A

remaining small intestines (caudal duodenum, jejunum, and ileum),
cecum
ascending colon
part of the transvers colon

57
Q

What are the parts formed by hindgut?

A

transverse and descending colon
cloaca (rectum and anal canal)

58
Q

Endoderm gives rise to the…

A

epithelial lining of the digestive tract

59
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm form…

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle

60
Q

ectoderm forms the…

A

ephithelial lining of the proctodeum and stomodeum

61
Q

The foregut becomes flattened or compressed laterally and presents in sequence 5 bilateral outpocketings of its endoderm to form the ______ walled in by a series of visceral arches.

A

pharyngeal pouches

62
Q

A midline evagination of the floor of the pharynx gives rise to the ______.

A

laryngotracheal groove

63
Q

One of the malformations of the pharyngeal pouches where epithelial-lined brachial cavity that does not open unto the skin surface. (no opening)

A

Brachial cyst

64
Q

One of the malformations of the pharyngeal pouches. An epithelial-lined brachial cavity that opens unto the skin surface or into the pharyngeal pouch. (one opening).

A

Brachial sinus

65
Q

One of the malformations of the pharyngeal pouches. An epithelial-lined brachial cavity that opens to both the skin surface and the pharyngeal pouch. (two openings).

A

Brachial fistula

66
Q

It is present in most domestic mammals. This develops from a tubular segment of foregut caudal to the esophagus. Growth is more rapid dorsally than it is ventrally;

A

Simple Stomach

67
Q

The tube becomes convex dorsally.

A

Greater curvature

68
Q

The simple stomach in young embryo is relatively _______.

A

straight

69
Q

Greater omentum becomes folded creating a blind cavity.

A

omental bursa

70
Q

It opens into the peritoneal cavity via an opening the gastroepiploic foramen.

A

Omental bursa

71
Q

What is the degree of the 2nd rotation around a dorsoventral axis, counter clockwise in direction and resulting in the caudal end of the stomach tube shifting to the right and cranially?

A

90°

72
Q

It consists of three compartments (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) and one glandular compartment (abomasum). Early development of this stomach is the same as the simple stomach.

A

Ruminant Stomach -

73
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the ruminant stomach?

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum

Omasum (glandular compartment)

74
Q

It develops as an expansion of the fundus.

A

rumen

75
Q

A caudoventral pocket of the developing rumen forms the _______.

A

reticulum

76
Q

It develops as a bulge (ventral sac) along the lesser curvature.

A

omasum

77
Q

The rest of the stomach becomes what?

A

abomasum

78
Q

What consists the intestinal tract?

A

small intestine:
duodenum (divided into descending and ascending regions)
jejunum
ileum

large intestine:
colon (divided into ascending, transverse, and descending regions)
cecum (diverticulum at the beginning of the colon)
rectum
anal canal

79
Q

The small intestine is derived from the….

A

foregut and midgut

80
Q

After the loss of the yolk stalk, the intestinal loop rotates how many degrees?

A

rotates 360⁰ twice

81
Q

After the loss of the yolk stalk the intestinal loop rotates 360⁰ twice around the cranial mesenteric artery to form the __________.

A

root of the mesentery

82
Q

The cranial limb of the loop expands to form the coiled _______.

A

jejunum

83
Q

It becomes the ileum.

A

Caudal limb

84
Q

The large intestine is derived from…

A

Midgut and Hindgut

85
Q

Among the different parts of the colon, this colon shows the most extensive change.

A

ascending colon

86
Q

The ascending colon of these animals are short and straight and the entire colon is shaped like an inverted letter J.

A

Dog & cat

87
Q

It is the terminal part of the hindgut, a chamber that communicates with the digestive, urinary and genital systems.

A

Cloaca

88
Q

2 types of stomach

A

Simple stomach
Ruminant stomach

89
Q

The caudal wall of the cloaca is formed by what membrane

A

cloacal membrane

90
Q

It is the depression of the surface ectoderm under the root of the tail and is the counterpart of stomodeum in the oral region.

A

proctodeum

91
Q

It is derived from the cloaca. It is formed when a mesenchyme partition (urorectal septum) divided the cloaca into dorsal and ventral chambers.

A

Rectum

92
Q

It is formed with the rectum; part of the anal canal is lined by a mucosal epithelium derived from endoderm.

A

Cranial part

93
Q

It is derived from the proctodaeum it is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Caudal part

94
Q

A depression where tissues surrounding the anal membrane grow caudally.

A

proctodeum

95
Q

In carnivores, lateral diventicula of proctodeum ectoderm becomes what?

A

anal sacs

96
Q

It develops as a diverticulum of the esophagus.

A

Crop

97
Q

What are the two compartment stomach?

A

Proventriculus
Ventriculus or gizzard

98
Q

It is a muscular stomach with thick smooth muscles for grinding

A

Ventriculus or gizzard

99
Q

It opens externally by means of a vent.

A

Cloaca

100
Q

5 Malformation of the digestive system

A

Meckel’s diverticulum
Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
Atresia ani or imperforate anus
Urorectal Fistula
Urorectal Fistula

101
Q

It is an appendix-like remnant of the yolk stalk that persist, may cause inflammation and rupture resulting in colic with peritonitis.

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

102
Q

It is a lack of epethilial canalization and gut wall development. Results in feed impaction and death if surgical intervention cannot be madde. Some evidence suggests that one cause is manual manipulation of fetal membranes rectally in pregnancy diagnosis.

A

Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum

103
Q

It is a failure of anal membrane to break and remain patent . Caused by lack of involution of the cloacal membrane and leads to fetal feed impaction. Where anal musculature is developed, surgical removal of the cloacal membrane offers temporary if not permanent relief.

A

Atresia ani or imperforate anus

104
Q

It is an abnormal developed of urorectal folds that allows communication between the rectum and urogenital sinus.

A

Urorectal Fistula

105
Q

It is a muscular defect in the umbilical that allows abdominal organs to protrude through the umbilical underneath the skin. Maybe inherited.

A

Umbilical hernia

EMBRYOLOGY (4 decks)

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