Topic 9 - Conflicts and Development Flashcards
Is all conflict violent?
No, can be violent or non-violent. Importance thing is that conflict is active
What is Violent (Armed) Conflict|?
Fighting between 2 or more groups of people or countries
What are Non-Violent Conflicts? (AIMS)
Seeks to liquidate antagonisms, but not the
antagonists
- Conversion via persuasion
- Still costly for things even development
What are the 5 ways Violent (Armed) Conflicts are classified by?
Measured by conflict intensity
- Weapons - Employment and Type (Light to Heavy)
- Personnel (Low,Med,High)
- Casualities (Low,Med,High)
- Refugees and Displaced Persons (IDPs) (Low,Mid,High)
- Lvl of destruction (Low,Mid,High)
Who are the typical actors of conflict?
o Interstate conflicts only involve internationally recognized state actors
o Intrastate conflicts involve both state actors and non-state actors
o Sub-state conflicts are carried out solely among non-state actors
o Trans-state conflicts involve both state and non-state actors and meet the criteria of political conflict for at least
What are some potential consequences of Conflict on Development?
1. Human Capital Costs (E.G Yemen,Nigeria Chibok Abductions)-> Health and Education 2. Material/Wealth Costs 3. Impacts on poverty and inequality 4. Social Cohesion Costs 5. Behavioural Implications -> Damaged Trust,Displaced peoples
What are some of the Socio-Econ and Political Causes to conflict?
- Opp cost -> Formal labour mkts fail the youth
- Repressive State Capacity Arguments -> Low national income = Weak military and worse infrastructure = Harder to stop insurgencies
- Income Inequality -> Higher inequality = Higher resentment = Tension
- Non-income inequality
- > Horizontal Inequality
What are some of the Natural Resources to conflict?
- Natural Resources and Basic Needs -> Scarcity or lack of access to basic necessities
- Paradox of Plenty-> Dutch Disease
- Control of natural resources -> ‘Blood Diamonds’
What is the Dutch Disease Problem?
-> Situation occurred in Netherlands following large amounts of natural gas.
- A nation finds ample natural resource reserves
- Economic focus begins to target this high-income industry
- Skilled workers from other sectors transfer to the resource sector
- Higher wages make the national currency less competitive (higher prices)
- Other industries, especially the manufacturing sector, begin to suffer
Endogeneity problem (X causes Y)
What is the importance of institution in the resolution and prevention of armed conflcts?
- Faction more likely for dialogue/compromise with credible institutions
- Institutions promoting win/lose situation not help -> i.e Trinidad and Tobago ethnic tensions
- Likelihood of relapse with weak (non-credible) institutions;
- Safe-guarding against foreign powers (with personal interests)
- Military expenditure debate? (More or less?)
What are some other resolutions to Conflict?
1.Limit (or eliminate) incentives for conflict
=>In presence of incentives to renege, conflict will return
2. Global Peace brokers
3. Regional Peace Brokers
4. National Peace Brokers
5. Mutually Agreed Power sharing
6. Local Community Driven Initiatives/econ development -> I.e the bike path through the Balkans to improve social ties in Balkan states