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Chemistry IG > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three main types of fossil fuels

A

Coal
Natural gas (mostly methane)
Petroleum (mixture of hydrocarbons)

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
(smaller chains are often gases, longer chains are liquids)

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3
Q

How to separate hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons can be separated into useful fractions through fractional distillation as the different hydrocarbons have different chain lengths and boiling points

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4
Q

Functional group definition

A

An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

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5
Q

Homologous series definition

A

A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

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6
Q

Saturated compound

A

Has molecules in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds

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7
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

Has molecules in which one or more carbon–carbon bonds are not single bonds

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8
Q

Each homologous series has the same…

A

having the same functional group
having the same general formula
differing from one member to the next by
a –CH2– unit
displaying a trend in physical properties
sharing similar chemical properties

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9
Q

Traits from top to the bottom of fractionating column

A
  • viscosity increases
  • volatility decreases
  • chain length increases
  • boiling points increase
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10
Q

What is refinery gas used for

A

gas used in heating
and cooking

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11
Q

Fractionating column from top to bottom

A

Refinery gas
gasoline /petrol
Naphtha
kerosene /paraffin
diesel oil/ gas oil
fuel oil
lubricating oil
bitumen

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12
Q

Gasoline/petrol function

A

fuel used in cars

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13
Q

Naphtha function

A

chemical feedstock

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14
Q

kerosene /paraffin function

A

jet fuel

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15
Q

diesel oil/gas oil function

A

fuel used in
diesel engines

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16
Q

fuel oil function

A

fuel used in ships and
home heating systems

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17
Q

lubricating oil function

A

lubricants, waxes
and polishes

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18
Q

bitumen function

A

making roads

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19
Q

What is the bonding in alkanes and what is general formula?

A

single covalent and alkanes are saturated
hydrocarbons. General formula: CnH2n+2

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20
Q

Properties of alkanes

A

generally unreactive, except in terms of
combustion and substitution by chlorine

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21
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction?

A

one atom or
group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

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22
Q

bonding in alkenes and general formula

A

alkenes includes a
double carbon–carbon covalent bond and that
alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. General formula: CnH2n

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23
Q

Can alkanes undergo combustion?

A

Alkanes undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water

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24
Q

What is photochemical reaction?

A

Alkanes undergo substitution with chlorine which is called a photochemical reaction because the UV light provides the activation energy

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25
Q

General equation for photochemical reaction

A

Alkane + Chlorine -> Chloroalkane + hydrogen chloride

Alkane + Cl2 -> Chloroalkane + HCl

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26
Q

structural isomer

A

compounds with the
same molecular formula, but different structural
formulae

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27
Q

What happens in an addition reaction?

A

in an addition reaction only one product is formed

28
Q

Why is there cracking of larger alkane molecules?

A

Although there is use for each fraction obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil, the amount of longer chain hydrocarbons produced is far greater than needed. The long chain hydrocarbon molecules are further processed to produce other products

29
Q

What is produced from cracking?

A

Shorter chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen are produced from the cracking of longer chain alkanes

30
Q

Uses of ethanol

A

a solvent, a fuel

31
Q

Process of cracking

A

A process called catalytic cracking is used to convert longer-chain molecules into short-chain and more useful hydrocarbons. Cracking involves heating the hydrocarbon molecules to around 600 – 700°C to vaporise them. The vapours then pass over a hot powdered catalyst of alumina or silica
This process breaks covalent bonds in the molecules as they come into contact with the surface of the catalyst, causing thermal decomposition reactions
The molecules are broken up in a random way which produces a mixture of smaller alkanes and alkenes
Hydrogen and a higher proportion of alkenes are formed at higher temperatures and higher pressure

32
Q

How to tell between an alkene and alkane?

A

The presence of the C=C double bond in an alkene but not an alkane allows us to distinguish between them. To do this, bromine water is used, bromine water is an orange coloured solution
When bromine water is shaken with an alkane the solution remains orange. When bromine water is shaken with an alkene, the solution will go colourless, as the bromine can add across the double bond meaning it is no longer in solution

33
Q

Alcohol general formula

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

34
Q

alkane addition reaction with hydrogen

A

When alkenes undergo addition reactions with hydrogen, an alkane is formed. This reaction requires a nickel catalyst

35
Q

Alkene addition reaction
with steam

A

When alkenes undergo addition reactions with steam, an alcohol is formed. Since water is being added to the molecule it is also called a hydration reaction. This reaction requires an acid catalyst

36
Q

carboxylic acid general formula

A

C(n)H(2n+1)

37
Q

Two ways to manufacture ethanol

A
  • The hydration of ethene with steam
  • The fermentation of glucose
38
Q

Fermentation of glucose

A

Sugar or starch is dissolved in water and yeast is added mixture is the fermented at 25–35°C in the absence of
oxygen
Yeast contains enzymes that catalyse the break down of starch or sugar to glucose. If the temperature is too low the reaction rate will be too slow and if it is too high the enzymes will become denatured. The yeast respire anaerobically using the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide:
C6H12O6 → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
The yeast are killed off once the concentration of alcohol reaches around 15%, so the reaction vessel is emptied and the process is started again

39
Q

Adding steam to ethene

A

catalytic addition of steam to ethene
at 300°C and 6000kPa /60 atm in the
presence of an acid catalyst. The gas is then converted into a liquid for use

40
Q

Advantages of fermentation

A
  • simple equipment needed
  • uses renewable resources
  • low temperatures required
41
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation

A
  • very slow
  • carbon dioxide is produced and it is a greenhouse gas
  • produces a dilute solution requiring further processing
42
Q

Advantages of addition of steam to ethene

A
  • fast
  • produces pure ethanol
  • no greenhouse gases produced (but pollutants are formed from the burning of fossil fuels to maintain high temperatures)
43
Q

Disadvantages of addition of stem to ethene

A
  • uses non-renewable resources (crude oil)
  • high temperature and pressure is required this increases cost, energy input and causes pollution as fossil fuels are burnt to keep it up
44
Q

How ethanoic acid is formed?

A

Through the oxidation of ethanol during either
(a) with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)
(b) by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production

45
Q

oxidation of ethanol by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production

A

The microbial oxidation (fermentation) of ethanol will produce a weak solution of vinegar (ethanoic acid)
C2H5OH (aq) + O2 (g) → CH3COOH (aq)+ H2O (l)

46
Q

oxidation of ethanol with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)

A

This involves heating ethanol with acidified potassium manganate(VII) in the presence of an acid
The heating is performed under reflux which involves heating the reaction mixture in a vessel with a condenser attached to the top
The condenser prevents the volatile alcohol from escaping the reaction vessel as alcohols have low boiling points
The equation for the reaction is:
CH3CH2OH (aq) + 2[O] → CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l)
The solution will change from purple to colourless

47
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an
alcohol using an acid catalyst

48
Q

How is an ester named and drawn?

A

First part is named after the alcohol (ending in -yl)
Second part is named after the carboxylic acid (ending in -oate)
The carboxylic acid is drawn first (OH is removed) then alcohol is drawn (H is removed)

49
Q

What is ester responsible for?

A

Food and flower smell

50
Q

Why is concentrated sulfuric acid added for ester reaction?

A
  • Acts as catalyst to speed up reaction
  • Acts as dehydrating agent to remove water
51
Q

What is a polymer?

A

large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers

52
Q

What is made from polymers?

A

Plastics

53
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Addition polymerisation involves the addition of many monomers to make a long-chained polymer. In this case, many monomers join together due to the carbon carbon double bond breaking

54
Q

What is condensation polymer?

A

Condensation polymers are formed when two different monomers are linked together with the removal of a small molecule, usually water

55
Q

What is different about condensation polymerisation?

A

The monomers have two functional groups present, one on each end. The functional groups at the ends of one monomer react with the functional group on the end of the other monomer, in so doing creating long chains of alternating monomers, forming the polymer

56
Q

What can PET do?

A

be converted back into
monomers and re-polymerised

57
Q

What is nylon?

A

Nylon is a polyamide made from dicarboxylic acid monomers (a carboxylic with a -COOH group at either end) and diamines (an amine with an -NH2 group at either end). Each -COOH group reacts with another -NH2 group on another monomer

58
Q

What is an amide link?

A

O=CN-H
(CN bond formed)

59
Q

What is PET?

A

polyester made from dicarboxylic acid monomers and diols. Each -COOH group reacts with another -OH group on another monomer. An ester linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link

60
Q

Ways to dispose polymers

A
  • Landfill
  • Incinerating
  • Recycling
  • Accumulation in oceans
  • Reusing
61
Q

Why does the disposal of plastics cause environmental issues?

A

Many polymers are chemically unreactive which means that they are non-biodegradable and take hundreds of years to break down

62
Q

Why is incineration bad?

A
  • Polymers release a lot of heat energy when they burn and produces carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change
  • Some polymers release toxic fumes when they burn
  • If incinerated by incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide will be produced which is a toxic gas
63
Q

Why is polluting oceans bad?

A
  • Causes disruptions to marine life
64
Q

Why are landfills bad?

A

Waste polymers are disposed of in landfill sites but this takes up valuable land, as polymers are non-biodegradable so micro-organisms such as decomposers cannot break them down
This causes sites to quickly fill up

65
Q

What are proteins?

A

Natural polyamides and they are formed from amino acid monomers with general structure
H2N-CRH-COOH

66
Q

How can proteins be broken down?

A

By hydrolysis

67
Q

Similarities and differences between condensation and addition polymers

A

Addition polymer no loss of atoms while in condensation an atom or group of atoms is lost
Condensation polymer requires two monomers with two functional groups while addition polymers only require one monomer

Chemistry IG (14 decks)

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