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edexcel chemistry p2 > topic 9 > Flashcards

topic 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

a molecule consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, a trend in physical properties, that differ by a CH2 group

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3
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single-bonded carbon atoms.

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4
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

a hydrocarbon that contains at least one double or triple carbon bond.

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5
Q

What is the sentence that helps to remember how many carbon atoms are present in a molecule?

A

Monkeys (Meth- = 1)
Eat (Eth- = 2)
Peanut (Prop- = 3)
Butter (But- = 4)

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6
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

When combustion of a fuel occurs, it means that the fuel has reacted with _________.

A

oxygen

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9
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

A

In complete combustion, CO2 is always formed as there is enough oxygen to fully react. Incomplete combustion produces either CO or just C.

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10
Q

The more chains in a hydrocarbon, the ________ the boiling point.

A

higher

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11
Q

The more chains in a hydrocarbon, the _______ volatile it is

A

less

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12
Q

The more chains in a hydrocarbon, the ________ viscous it is.

A

more

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13
Q

The more chains in a hydrocarbon, the ________ ignitable it is.

A

less

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14
Q

What is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Bromine water. If it turns colourless, unsaturated hydrocarbons are present.

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15
Q

Why are alkanes saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Because they have no carbon double bonds

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16
Q

How does the bromine water test work?

A

The C=C double bond in alkenes reacts with the Bromine to form colourless products. Alkanes do not react because they do not contain double bonds

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17
Q

What does the complete combustion of alkanes and alkenes involve?

A

oxidation of he hydrocarbons to produce CO2 and H2O

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18
Q

Define polymer

A

A long chain molecule made from lots of small molecules joined together

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19
Q

Define monomer

A

Small molecule that joins with other monomers to create polymers

20
Q

Define polymerisation

A

The formation of polymers by joining monomers together

21
Q

How can ethene molecule combine in polymerisation?

A

They lose their carbon double bond in order for the carbon to bond with another ethene

22
Q

What does the polymerisation of ethene form?

A

Polyethene

23
Q

Give some properties and uses of polyethene

A

Properties:
Flexible, cheap

Uses:
Plastic bags and bottles

24
Q

Give some properties and uses of polychloroethene (PVC)

A

Properties:
tough, cheap

Uses: window frames, water pipes

25
Q

Give some properties and uses of polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE, commonly teflon)

A

Properties: unreactive, tough

Uses: non stick pans, waterproof clothing

26
Q

What is the problem with the production of polymers?

A

Plastics are made from crude oil (finite)

27
Q

What is the problem with the disposal of polymers?

A

Most polymers are not biodegradable, causing persistence in landfill sites

28
Q

List the pros and cons of recycling polymers

A

Pros:

  • reduces amount of polymers in landfill
  • reduces toxic emissions from burning polymers
  • uses less energy than making new polymers
  • reduces amount of crude oil needed to make more plastics
  • saves money and creates jobs

Cons:

  • Polymers must be separated by type before they can be melted (difficult and expensive)
  • can be more expensive than making new polymers
  • if polymers are mixed, the quality of the product may be reduced
  • polymers can get weaker over time so can only be recycled a finite amount of times
  • melting down polymers can release toxic gases
29
Q

Define condensation polymerisation

A

the formation of polymers using condensation reactions with monomers that contain multiple functional groups

30
Q

Why are polyesters condensation polymers?

A

Because each time an ester link is formed, a molecule of water is lost (which only occurs in condensation polymerisation)

31
Q

How is a polyester formed?

A

dialcohol (diol) + dicarboxylic acid -> polyester + water

32
Q

What is an ester link and what does it result in when formed?

A

What is an ester link and what does it result in when formed?

33
Q

Why must the test for any ion must be unique

A

you would never be able to know which specific ion it was if more than one ion
gave the same result

34
Q

Lithium ion flame test

A

red

35
Q

Sodium ion flame test

A

yellow

36
Q

Potassium ion flame test

A

lilac

37
Q

Calcium ion flame test

A

orange-red

38
Q

Copper ion flame test

A

blue-green

39
Q

Describe the flame test

A

hold a sample you wish to test on a wire in a roaring bunsen burner flame and observe the flame colour

40
Q

Describe the chemical test for ammonia

A

● Makes damp red litmus paper turn blue
● It also forms a white smoke of ammonium chloride when hydrogen chloride gas,
from concentrated hydrochloric acid, is held near it

41
Q

Aluminium ion as a solution test (using sodium hydroxide solution)

A

White precipitate (dissolves when excess NaOH is added)

42
Q

Calcium ion as a solution test (using sodium hydroxide solution)

A

White precipitate

43
Q

Copper ion as a solution test (using sodium hydroxide solution)

A

Blue precipitate

44
Q

Iron (II) ion as a solution test (using sodium hydroxide solution)

A

Green precipitate

45
Q

Iron (III) as a solution test (using sodium hydroxide solution)

A

Brown precipitate

46
Q

Ammonium ion as a solution test (using sodium hydroxide solution)

A

○ Pungent-smelling gas is produced
○ This gas produced turns damp red litmus paper blue

edexcel chemistry p2 (5 decks)

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